Iraq
389 theses under this subject heading
II. Abdülhamid Dönemi'nde Irak'la ilgili hazırlanan layihalar
Osmanlı Devleti XIX. Yüzyıla siyasi, askeri, sosyal ve iktisadi kaynaklı pek çok meselenin sıkıntılarıyla girmiş ve bu yüzyıl boyunca da bu meselelerden kaynaklanan problemlerin çözümüyle uğraşmak zorunda kalmıştır.Osmanlı Devleti'nin bu yüzyıl içerisinde en sıkıntılı günlerini yaşamakta olduğu bir zaman diliminde Osmanlı tahtına oturan II. Abdülhamid, kendinden önceki Osmanlı padişahlarının yaptığı gibi, devletin içinde bulunduğu kötü durumdan kurtarılması ve eski gücüne kavuşturulması adına bir dizi reform çalışmaları başlatmıştır.II. Abdülhamid bu reform çalışmalarını devletin Müslüman halkının çoğunlukta olduğu doğu topraklarında ve özellikle de Irak'ta uygulamaya çalışmıştır. Söz konusu reformların bölgede sağlıklı bir şekilde hayata geçirilmesi için II. Abdülhamid, bölge ile ilgili ön bilgi elde etmek ve reformları bu bilgiler ışığında hazırlatmak ve uygulatmak adına bölgeyle alakalı detaylı bilgiler veren bir takım raporlar hazırlatmıştır.Bizim tezimizin de ağırlık noktasını oluşturan ve II. Abdülhamid'e bölgeyle ilgili detaylı bilgiler veren bu raporlar ve bu raporların değerlendirilmesine, çalışmamızın son bölümünde geniş bir yer ayırarak konuyla ilgilenen herkese ve bilim dünyasının değerlendirmelerine sunmaya gayret ettik. Bunu yaparken de öncelikle Irak'ın coğrafyasını, tarihi geçmişini ve Osmanlı hâkimiyetindeki zaman dilimini ve bu zaman dilimi içerisinde bölgede cereyan eden önemli hadiseleri ana hatlarıyla ortaya koymaya gayret ederek çalışmamızı tamamladık.Çalışmamız ana başlıklarıyla Irak'ın tarihi geçmişi, Irak'ın Osmanlı hâkimiyeti altındaki dönemi ve II. Abdülhamid döneminde Irak ile ilgili hazırlanan raporlar ve bu raporların değerlendirilmesinden ibarettir.Anahtar Kelimeler: II. Abdülhamid, Irak, Layiha, Osmanlı, Tarih.
Irak türkmenlerinin yemek kültürü
Yüksek Lisans Tezi olarak hazırlanan bu çalışmada Irak Türkmenlerinin yemek kültürünün tespiti amaçlanmıştır. Irak Türkmenleri zengin bir mutfak kültürüne sahiptirler. Çalışmada yemek-kültür ilişkisi üzerinden Irak Türkmenlerinin halk mutfağı ele alınmıştır. Ayrıca bu kültürel zeminin halk edebiyatı ürünlerinde ve ritüellerdeki yansımaları konu edinilmiştir. Bunlara ek olarak yemek yapımında kullanılan araç ve gereçler tanıtılmış ve yemek kültürü ile ilgili inanış ve uygulamalara yer verilmiştir.
Irak: Krallıktan cumhuriyete evrilme (1932-1958)
Irak, günümüzde cumhuriyetle yönetilen Ortadoğu devletlerinden biridir. Daha Ortadoğu topraklarında cumhuriyet yönetim biçiminin nadir görüldüğü bir dönemde cumhuriyet yönetim biçimini benimseyen Irak'ın demokratikleşme adımlarını nasıl aştığı ve bu yönetim biçimine nasıl ulaştığı ise bölgenin toplumsal yapısında ne gibi dönüşümler yaşandığını özetler niteliktedir. Birinci Dünya Harbi sonrasında büyük imparatorluklar son bulmuş ve birçok Ortadoğu toprağı da çoğunluğu dış etkenler vasıtasıyla devletleştirilmiştir. Irak'ın kaderi de bir dış etken olan İngilizlerce belirlenmiştir. Yüzyıllarca birçok etkin gücün hâkimiyeti altında yaşayan Irak toprakları hiçbir zaman milli veya mezhepsel bir devlete kaynaklık etmemiştir. Ayrıca sınırları da bu doğrultuda çizilmemiştir. İngilizlerden önce bölgeye hâkim olan birçok unsur bölgenin yaygın toplum düzenine uygun bir yönetim anlayışı benimsemiş, zaman zaman bölgede bu durumun değiştirilmesi yönünde adımlar atılmak istense de başarısız olunmuştur. İslam tarihi açısından vazgeçilmez olan toplum yapısı da İslam Devleti döneminde büyük ölçüde günümüzdeki haline benzer olarak şekillenen bölgenin demografik yapısı ve yaygın inanç sistemleri de yıllarca korunmuştur. İngilizler Birinci Dünya Savaşı sırasında ve sonrasında işgal ettiklerinde bölgenin toplum yapısı olarak bir bütün teşkil etmediğini anlamışlar ve bölgede yapılacak çalışmaları da devletleştirmeyi kolaylaştırmak için ortak değerler üzerinden kurgulamışlardır. İngilizler bölgede her ne kadar kalıcı olmayı planlasalar da Irak coğrafyasında yaşayan unsurların çoğunluğunu Müslümanların oluşturması Hıristiyan bir dış faktörün tutunamayacağının kanıtı olmuştur. İngilizlerin bölgeyle bir bütün oluşturmadıkları manda yönetimleri uzun sürmemiş, yaşanan kısa süreli işgal döneminde de İngiliz yanlısı bir kesim oluşsa da bunlar da azınlık olmaktan ileriye gidememiştir. Irak toplumu istemedikleri bir dış etken aracılığı ile yönetildikleri dönemden dersler çıkarmışlar ve geleceklerini inşa ederken de bu birikimi kullanmışlardır. Manda döneminde ve sonrasında kurulan partiler Irak toplumunda parlamenter sitemin oluşmasına önemli katkılar yapmışlardır. Dönem dönem geçmiş alışkanlıkların da etkisiyle bir kişi ya da grubun yönetimde etkin olduğu dönemler yaşansa da demokratikleşmek için yapılan çalışmalar da sürdürülmüştür. Irak topraklarında yönetimde istikrarı engelleyen en önemli faktörü bölgenin farklı etnik gruplara, farklı dinlere ve farklı mezheplere mensup unsurları bir arada barındırması oluşturmaktadır. İşte Irak'ta cumhuriyetin inşasına kadar geçen sürecin aydınlatılmaya çalışıldığı bu çalışmada bölgenin kendi içinde ayrışmasına sebep olan faktörlere ve bölgenin yönetim anlamında yaşadığı dönüşüme yer verilmiştir. Anahtar Sözcükler: Irak, Demokratikleşme, Cumhuriyet, I. Dünya Savaşı, İngiliz Mandası, Müslüman.
The impact of effective leadership and organizational innovation in achieving performance excellence: Empirical study of the investment boards in Iraq
Effective leadership is the main driver of many activities in organizations. Leadership is also one of the management roles that result from key organizational functions of senior management, or managers, such as planning, organization, output, and oversight. Thus, the ultimate goal of this study is to explore the impact of effective leadership and organizational innovation in achieving organizational performance excellence. As a data collection method, the survey questionnaire was used, and the participants were from the investment boards in Iraq, in particular, north of Iraq. The survey was managed among managers and employees working with the branches of investment boards. The statistical programs SPSS, and Amos 23, are used for analyzing empirical data and testing the study hypotheses. The results showed that effective leadership positively related to organizational innovation, in addition, the results revealed that organizational innovation positively affects organizational performance excellence, however, there was a direct impact of effective leadership on performance excellence based on the perceptions of managers and employees working within the investment boards in Iraq. Furthermore, the results showed that organizational innovation partially mediates the impact of effective leadership on organizational performance excellence. The current study significantly contributes to the literature since there is a lack of empirical studies that have explored the relationship between effective leadership, organizational innovation, and performance excellence.
The role of corporate governance and financial technology applications in enhancing the financial performance of the commercial banks in Iraq
Corporate governance is an important and necessary practice to develop the proper functioning of banks to confirm banks' management integrity to fulfill obligations, and pledges and to ensure that banks achieve their objectives legally and economically. In addition to the means of control, they provide that efforts increase quality and develop performance, leading to preserving all parties' interests. Financial technology applications are also significant for banking services; therefore, the main purpose of this study is to investigate the role of corporate governance and financial technology applications in enhancing the financial performance of commercial banks in Iraq. The survey questionnaire was used for obtaining empirical data from managers working within Iraqi commercial banks. The data analysis was conducted by using SPSS, and Amos 23. The results showed that implementing corporate governance positively related to financial technology applications. The results also demonstrated that financial technology applications significantly influence the improve financial performance improvement, and there was a direct impact of corporate governance on the financial performance of commercial banks in Iraq. Furthermore, results displayed that financial technology applications in Iraqi commercial banks partially mediated the impact of corporate governance on financial performance. The study contributes to literature since there is a lack of studies combining these significant variables and examining them within the banking sector. The results provide unique information to the bank managers to improve their understanding of corporate governance and financial technology applications in Iraqi commercial banks.
زواج الصغير وطلاقه في الفقه الإسلامي وقانون الأحوال الشخصية العراقي (دراسة مقارنة)
The importance of this study comes from the fact that it addresses the most important issues of the Islamic society, it is the issue of child marriage and divorce, and its great impact on protecting the family from moral deviation and loss, and providing psychological and spiritual security for family members. The study aimed to know the judgements of child marriage and divorce in Islamic jurisprudence and Iraqi law, especially most of new jurists permitted the marriage of a young man or girl under puberty. The study also aimed to determine the legal age for marriage, as well as determining the punishment for legal violations in this matter in the Iraqi personal status law and methods of treatment. The researcher followed the descriptive, analytical and comparative approach between what came from the provisions of Sharia in the marriage and divorce of minors, and the effective Iraqi Personal Status Law No. 188 for the year (1959), and eliciting the appropriate opinion of custom, interest, and the spirit of Sharia, and one of the most important findings of the study. The validity of the minor's marriage contract with the consent of his guardian, whether he is discerning or not, according to Islamic law. Contrary to what came from the Iraqi legislator, who stipulated that the young person reach fifteen years of age, and that is only after the approval of the judge. As well as the agreement of the Sharia and the law on the age (eighteen) of age is the appropriate age for marriage. As for the divorce of a minor, it does not count as such according to the majority of scholars, unlike the Hanbalis, who said that the divorce of a discerning boy is valid. As for the issue of forcing a minor to marry or divorce, Sharia has forbidden it, and the Iraqi legislator has set a punishment for that as well. Keywords: Jurisprudence(Fiqh), Child Marriage, Child Divorce, Minor, Iraqi Law.
الوصف عند الشاعر عبد الرزاق عبد الواحد
This thesis aimed to study the description in the poetry of Abd al-Razzaq Abd al-Wahed, who is one of the poets of the modern era who were distinguished by their wide and deep imagination. And the accuracy of his description of his feelings, and when we return to history, we find that the description was rooted in the Andalusian era, then Significantly developed, so it became a standard of the quality of poetry. Abd al-Razzaq Abd al-Wahed was distinguished by the accuracy of his verbal structures, as he was able to describe honestly and accurately everything that he felt, instinctively and realistically. He was proficient in choosing meanings and poetic methods, using words with soft letters, and a lot of sympathy and repetition, For this reason, the poet is considered one of the owners of abundant and descriptive poetry. The conclusions of this study was as follows: The poet comes at the forefront of the great Iraqi poets who shaped the poetic scene in Iraq from the fifties until this moment, and despite that he was critically neglected. He is considered one of the pioneers of the movement in free Arabic poetry. His poetry was varied : the vertical poem, the free poem, the poetic story, the poetic play, and children's poetry, and he benefited from other arts such as theater, story and singing. The environment and its details were important sources from which the poet drew his poetic images. He also described the traditional personality, referring it to a symbol, dialogue with it, and used it as a mask, and he employed the literary text inspiratly, intertextuality, or implicatly. He also took images from the Holy Qur'an that he included in his poetry, although he believes in Mandaeism.
Irak petrolü: Bugün, geçmiş ve gelecek
Petrol, dünya genelinde en önemli doğal kaynaklardan biri olarak kabul edilir ve hem büyük hem de küçük ülkelerin ekonomisinde hayati bir rol oynar. Irak, dünyanın en büyük petrol ihracatçılarından biri olarak bilinmekte ve dünyanın en büyük üçüncü petrol rezervlerine sahiptir. Başlangıç noktası Irak'ın Babil bölgesinde bulunan ilk petrol kuyusunun keşfedilmesi ile 1927 yılına kadar uzanır ve o zamandan beri petrol, Irak ekonomisinin temel kaynağı haline gelmiştir. Daha sonrasında ülkedeki petrol endüstrisini yönetmek için 1954 yılında Basra Petrol Şirketi ve 1961 yılında Kuzey Petrol Şirketi kuruldu. Geçtiğimiz on yıllar içerisinde, Irak'taki petrol endüstrisinde birkaç dönüşüm yaşanmıştır. 1970'lerde üretim artırılmış, 80'lerde ise iç savaşlar ve çatışmalar nedeniyle üretim azalmıştır. 2003 yılında Amerikan savaşı sonrasında petrol endüstrisi tamamen yeniden inşa edildi. Şu anda, Irak hükümeti, ülkenin petrol endüstrisini geliştirmek ve verimliliğini artırmak için çalışmalar yapmaktadır. Birçok petrol sahası yeniden yapılandırılmakta ve üretim süreçleri iyileştirilmektedir. Hükümet ayrıca, petrol endüstrisine daha fazla yatırım yapmak için uluslararası şirketleri çekmek için ekstra çaba sarf etmektedir. Bu hamle için uygun bir yatırım ortamı sağlamakta ve endüstri altyapısı iyileştirilmektedir. Bu çalışmaların uzun vadede Irak ekonomisini güçlendirmesi ve vatandaşların yaşam standartlarını yükseltmesi beklenmektedir. Irak'taki petrolün geleceği yabancı yatırımlar, teknolojik gelişmeler ve küresel ekonomik değişimler gibi birçok faktörden etkilenmektedir. Yakın gelecekte petrol talebinin devam etmesi beklenirken, talebin yenilenebilir enerji ve diğer alternatiflere doğru yavaş yavaş değişmesi de öngörülmektedir. Bu da Irak'ın ekonomisini çeşitlendirmesi ve diğer gelir kaynaklarını geliştirmesi gerektiği anlamına gelmektedir. Öte yandan, Irak petrol sektöründe birçok zorlukla karşı karşıya kalmakta, bunlar arasında yolsuzluk, güvenlik dalgalanmaları ve çevresel zorluklar yer almaktadır. Ancak, güvenlik durumunun iyileşmesi ve yabancı yatırımların artmasıyla, Irak petrol sektörü içerisinde ilerleme kaydedebilecek ve üretimini artırabilecektir.
بناء الشخصية في روايات يوسف الصائغ رواية اللعبة والمسافة أنموذجاً (دراسة سردية)
This study deals with two novels by Iraqi writer Yusuf al-Sa'iq, "Conspiracy" and "Distance". The Iraqi Christian writer was imprisoned and persecuted by the Baathist administration of his time on the accusation of being a member of the communist party. He then left the Communist party and joined the Baath party. In the meantime, he converted to Islam, married a Muslim woman and divorced her. He apostatized from Islam and converted back to Christianity. The author's novel "Distance" is a criticism of political power. However, the author used symbolic expressions in his narrative. The author hides behind symbolic expressions because he is afraid of the authority he criticizes. The main idea of the novel is heroism and treachery. In his novel, the author reveals with a successful fiction that Iraq has turned into an open-air prison. With this narrative of the author, we see that freedom of opinion is nothing in the face of oppression. The author's second novel, "Conspiracy", is about suspicion of treason and crisis of trust. The whole story is based on a telephone conspiracy. The wife of the doctor protagonist of the story receives an anonymous phone call every evening and her husband's phone calls with this person continue On the other hand, the doctor's jealousy towards his wife flares up due to the doctor's fictitious phone calls to his friends. Events unfold, feelings and desires clash. The wife uncovers her husband's conspiracy, but the wife does not reveal her conspiracy in order to end the novel with the unknown person Rafi.The author has succeeded in revealing the hidden and psychological conflicts of the characters in her two novels. He also emphasized the dictatorship during Saddam's reign with these two symbolic novels and alluded to the transformation of Iraq into an open-air prison.
الهوية في الشعر العراقي المعاصر(2006-2016)
The study was based on a cultural methodology that has become of great standing and has emerged on the contemporary critical scene, which we can only describe as comprehensive. The research was launched through the interface that the cultural systems call for, through poetic reading, revealing the hidden secrets, and interrogating poetic texts, because of the implications of this study, in which it becomes clear to us the depth of meanings and goals in the light of critical studies, through applied criticism and reading an analysis of the poetic texts found in the poets' collections. The research dealt with generations of modern poets, and we wanted from this poetry that appeared and spread after the events that accompanied the occupation, especially the events after 2006, and the violent sectarianism that accompanied them. Contemporary Iraqis felt that it became present by an act in the individual imagination of each one of them, which made it capable of imposing its authority in the Iraqi society, due to its legitimacy and the great acceptability it enjoys, whether it was due to its declared systems or the implicit actions that have the ability to moving things according to data. We find it has dominated the production of the Iraqi poet through religious patterns, and his attempt to reveal the religious hegemony and patterns that managed to impose a state of consciousness and subconsciousness. As a result of the deteriorating and chaotic situation in which the Iraqis are living due to the domination of the religious establishment, the poetic motive became clear and evident in rejecting all religious practices and their activities, so they rebelled against them through a variety of ways, including direct rejection or symbolism, warning and ridicule and other ways. Keywords: identity, poetry, Iraqi society, contemporary Iraqi culture, groups in the society.
Güney Irak'ta gebe kadınlarda idrar yolu enfeksiyonuna neden olan bakterilerin izolasyonu ve antibiyotik direnç genlerinin moleküler teknikler ile tanımlanması
Bu tezde, gebe kadınlarda İYE'lerin nedensel ajanlarını kültür, vitek 2 ve multipleks PZR ile tanımlamak, izolatların antibiyotik direnç/duyarlılık durumunu belirlemek, bazı direnç genlerinin varlığını araştırmak, mecA ve CTX-M genlerinin dizi ve filogenetik analizlerini yapmak amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla, Eylül 2021- Şubat 2022 tarihleri arasında Güney Irak bulunan Dhi Qar şehrindeki özel laboratuvarlar ve Al-Rifai Hastane'sinde idrar yolu enfeksiyonuna (İYE) sahip olan 18 ile 47 yaşları arasında 320 adet gebe kadından idrar örneği alınmıştır. Alınan 320 idrar numunesinden 50 (%15,6)'sinde bakteri üremesi pozitif iken 270 (%84,4) örnekte bakteri üremesi görülmemiştir. Alınan örneklerden bakterileri tanımlamak için geleneksel morfolojik, biyokimyasal testler ve VITEK2 sistemi kullanılmıştır. İYE'ye neden olan bakteriyel patojenlerin sıklığı; Escherichia coli 18 (%36), Staphylococcus aureus 12 (%24), Klebsiella pneumoniae 9 (%18), Proteus mirabilis 6 (%12) ve Pseudomonas aeruginosa 5 (%10) olarak tespit edilmiştir. Bu çalışmada yer alan bakteri izolatlarının antibiyotik duyarlılıkları; benzil penisilin ve oksasilin (%100), eritromisin (%88,8), sulfametoksazol (%80,55), levofloksasin (%72,22), fusdik asit (%65,55), gentamisin (%66,7) ve amoksisilin (%63,2) olarak belirlenmiştir. TEM, SHV, AMpC mecA ve CTX-M direnç genlerinin tespiti PZR tekniği kullanılarak yapılmıştır. Bakteri izolatlarinda -TEM -28 (%73,6), SHV 1 (%2,6), CTX-M- 26 (%68,4), AmpC- 9 (%23,6) ve mecA geni-12 (%100) olarak bulunmuştur. Bu çalışma, gebelerde idrar yolu enfeksiyonunu (İYE) değerlendirmek ve GSBL gibi dirençli bakterileri saptamak için idrar kültürü ve duyarlılık testine ihtiyaç olduğunu ve bu hastaların bu hastalığın tedavisinde güvenli ve etkili tedavi almalarının önemli olduğunu göstermektedir.
Examinng the relationship between quality of life and perceived socialsupport in breast cancer patients in Iraq
Introduction:. Social support is a crucial factor that could improve breast cancer patients' quality of life . Aim: The aim of our study is to examine the relationship between the quality of life and perceived social support of patients diagnosed with breast cancer in Iraq. Methoods: The study is relational and descriptive. study was used to guide this study which was conducted at the Al-Zahraa Teaching Hospital and Alkarama Teaching Hospital in Kut, Iraq. The study included a sample of 150 patients with breast cancer. The sample size was determined based on the criteria of a significance level of 0.05. The data were collected from December 10th, 2021 to March st, 2022. Three forms were used to collect the data; sociodemographic and clinical characteristics form, multidimensional perceived social support scale, and European Organization for the Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire (EORTC QLQ-C30). Statistical Package for Social Sciences was used to analyze the data. Results: participants age means 39.27 ± 14.7. were married 79.3%. are high school graduates 26.7%. As per the work status, that they are officers 28.0%. family's monthly income is less than their expenses 64.7%. Most reported that they have children 70.7%. the majority reported that they live in urban areas 56.6%. That they have first-degree relatives who have breast cancer 44.7%. The mean score of social support from significant others was 16.71 ± 4.40, family 18.39 ± 3.29, friends 15.36 ± iv 5.72, and overall perceived social support 50.47 ± 8.12. Sub- dimension mean scores of the quality of life scale; general quality of life was 74.42 ± 8.69, role functioning was 25.46 ± 11.66, emotional functioning 10.58 ± 2.66, cognitive functioning 5.36 ± 1.36, social functioning 5.26 ± 1.39, global health status 6.42 ± 2.11, dyspnea 2.25 ± 0.91, insomnia 2.52 ± 1.00, appetite 2.44 ± 1.03, nausea and vomiting 4.58 ± 1.49, constipation 2.31 ± 1.02, diarrhea 2.43 ± 0.92, fatigue 7.29 ± 1.68, pain 4.90 ± 1.45, overall symptoms 28.73 ± 4.72. When the quality of life was compared with social support. that there is a moderate positive correlation between the global health status sub- dimension of the quality of life scale and Significant Other sub- dimension of the perceived social support scale (r = 0.638, p < 0.05). In addition to a moderate positive correlation between the global health status sub- dimension of the quality of life scale and perceived social support scale (r=0.451, p < 0.05), as well as a weak positive correlation between the overall quality of life scale and Significant Other subdimension of the perceived social support scale (r=0.269, p < 0.05). Conclusion: Breast cancer patients in Iraq have a moderate quality of life. It was determined that the majority of the patients had average social support and the most social support source came from the family. It scored higher on "symptoms" among other dimensions of patients' quality of life. Overall quality of life is significantly associated with social support in patients with breast cancer. 2022, 50 pages Keywords: Breast Cancer, Quality of Life, Social Support, Iraq.
Genotyping and detection of virulence genes for bacteria isolated from urinary tract infections in Salahuddin Hospital (Iraq)
This study is about the detection of microbial pathogens of urinary tract infection at Salah Al-Din General Hospital in Iraq in 2022. Urine samples were collected from 120 people with urinary tract infections aged between 2 and 70 years, after microscopic examinations and biochemical tests were performed to obtain (90) specimens (E.coli, Staphylococcus aureus and P. mirabilis) causing urinary tract infection and demographically has been distributed. An antibiotic susceptibility test was performed on 14 different antibiogram discs,90 specimens, E.coli, S.aureus and proteus mirabilis had the highest resistance to amikacin, nitrophenyl and imipenem, but were sensitive to amoxicillin, penicillin and cefixime. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed for four previously identified resistance genes (coA, rsbA, fimH and cnf1) for each of the following bacteria (E.coli, S.aureus and P. mirabilis) that were previously isolated.16S rRNA sequences were then studied using the DNA sequences method and all results were identical to those recorded in the NCBI program. From this study, we concluded that E. coli bacteria had the highest incidence of urinary tract infections as well as the highest rates of antibiotic resistance, it was for E. coli bacteria, followed by S. aureus and then P. mirabilis. For this reason, it is recommended that research to control these bacteria, which has increased recently in the hospital community, should focus on modern methods and control methods in hospitals.
Evaluation of qualit y of life and affecting factors of prostate cancer patients in iraq
Background: Prostate cancer (PC) is one of the most common cancers in men. Despite the developments in health services, medical diagnosis, treatment, and prevention methods of cancer, there is an increase in cancer cases. As a chronic disease, cancer can negatively affect the quality of life of patients. Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate the quality of life of prostate cancer patients living in Iraq and the factors affecting their quality of life. Methods: The study was conducted with 130 prostate cancer patients who met the sampling criteria of the Oncology Center at Al-Husseini Teaching Hospital in Karbala, Iraq, between March and August 2022. It is a descriptive and cross-sectional study. Data were collected by the patient sociodemographic characteristic form and the European Cancer Research and Treatment Institution quality of life questionnaire (EORTC QLQ-C30). The results: The mean age of the participants was 71.03 ± 9.06. 100% of them are married, 52.3% are retired, 29.1% are literate, 61.5% have insufficient economic status, 73.8% live in the city center, 69.2% live with their spouse and children, 75.4% had prostate cancer for 1-5 years, 99.2% had metastases, 53.1% had no chronic disease other than cancer, 53.1% did not receive surgical treatment, but 23.8% of those who received surgical treatment had laparoscopic prostate surgery, and 16.2% had open prostate surgery, 69.2% did not receive chemotherapy, 68.5% did not receive radiotherapy, 87.7% received hormone therapy, 62.3% did not smoke and 90.8% did not drink alcohol. Sub-dimension score averages of the quality of life scale; Role function mean score 5.42, emotional function mean score 4.33, cognitive function mean score 3.86, social function mean score 3.58, general health mean score 7.62, mean dyspnea score 1.68, insomnia average score 2.42, appetite loss mean score 1.82, nausea and vomiting score mean score of 2.73, mean score of constipation is 1.78, mean score of diarrhea is 1.46, mean score of fatigue is 7.42, mean score of pain is 4.65, mean score of symptom score is 30.10 and mean score of quality of life is 64.12. There is a significant relationship between the quality of life and age, educational status, economic status, place of residence of the patients, duration of prostate cancer, surgical treatment status, type of surgical treatment received, alcohol use status (p<0.05). There was no significant relationship between the quality of life of the participants and the type of work, living, having a chronic disease other than cancer, receiving chemotherapy, radiotherapy, hormone therapy, and smoking (p>0.05). Conclusions: Most prostate cancer patients in Iraq have a moderate quality of life. It was determined that age, education level, economic status of the patient, place of residence, duration of prostate cancer, surgical treatment status, type of surgical treatment, and alcohol consumption had an effective effect on the quality of life.
Investigation of the risk of violence in nurses working in the emergency departments of Diyala city hospitals in Iraq
Health facilities, professional associations, and governmental groups are all working to prevent violence in the medical field. However, workplace violence (WPV), especially violence toward nurses, continues to be a concern in medical institutions worldwide. In the Iraqi emergency departments, violence against nurses has become very common, and many nurses think that violence is part of their job. This study aims to investigate the risks of violence on the nurses handling the emergency department and to examine the relationship between nurses' level of exposure to violence, their intention to leave the job, the risk of violence, the potential for exposure to risks of violence in the future and the quality of the work environment. A descriptive and relational cross-sectional study was performed. The sample consisted of 200 nurses working in emergency departments of hospitals in Diyala city in Iraq, which was reached using the non-probability (targeted) sampling method. Data was collected through a self-report tool that includes socio demographic data for nurses, general information about violent incidents, scales of Intention to Leave Work, Risk of Violence, Violent Events at Work, Probability of Future Exposure to Violence and The Quality of the Work Environment. The data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26. The study revealed that nurses are exposed to a high risk of violence, 30.5%, in their workplace. 31.9% of nurses had experienced violence four or more times in the previous year. 54% of the nurses reported being exposed to four or more incidents of physical violence in the previous year. Patients' relatives committed 79% of violent incidents. The study's results regarding nurses' views on the quality of the work environment showed that 38% of nurses strongly disagree with the idea that the quality of work environment is sufficient. The rate of exposure to violence in the workplace in the emergency department varied according to the years of experience in the emergency department. There was a high incidence of violence at work from 1 to 9 years of experience (49.5%) compared to other years of experience (10 to 19 years, 20 to 29 years, and 30 to 40 years) by 31.0%, 11.0%, 8.5%, respectively. After being subjected to violence, half of the nurses reported feeling of anger, followed by disappointment (26%), stress (13%), aggrieved (6%) and reduced work enthusiasm (5%). 35.6% of the nurses expressed the possibility of violence in the future. They agreed and strongly agreed (28%) to look for a job in a new profession other than nursing next year, while 63% of them agreed or strongly agreed to look for a new job outside their current hospital. In addition, exposure to violence at work and the level of risk for violence were negatively correlated with the quality of work environment. The level of risk for violence were positively correlated with exposure to violence at work. The possibility of violence in the future was positively correlated with the nurses' decision to leave their jobs. The researcher concluded that relatives of patients cause the most violent incidents in the emergency department. Young nurses have less nursing experience, less experience in the emergency department, and are at greater risk of violence. Many nurses reported being at constant risk of violence four or more times during different work periods. When they experience violence, they seek help and feel angry and disappointed. Therefore, many nurses are considering leaving their jobs due to increased violence in the workplace and reporting the possibility of future violence. As a result, work-related violence toward nurses is an important topic to focus on in producing effective preventive policies.
Determination of the genetic structure of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from Ramadi population/Iraq by using RAPD-PCR
Totally 100 samples were taken from patients at two Ramadi Teaching Hospitals in Ramadi. These samples were collected from patients depending on the origins of their illnesses. The isolates were obtained from wounds, ear infections, and urine infections. The 75 samples of P. aeruginosa were characterized and identified by using enrichment, selective media, and biochemical testing. The genomic DNA of 12 P. aeruginosa isolates were extracted from these various sources and the concentration and purity of these genomic DNA samples were determined to be adequate for RAPD-PCR analysis. The amplification process with the two primers produced 27 bands and 24 of which were polymorphic and ranged in size from 250 to 1500 bp. The phylogenetic connection dendrogram among 12 P. aeruginosa isolates were constructed using 24 polymorphic RAPD markers, the genetic distance, and cluster analysis among different P. aeruginosa isolates were estimated by using a Jaccard matrix of similarity and analyzed by the UPGMA computer program to supply a phylogenetic tree. The results show the RAPD-PCR analysis is a good epidemiological screening method to detect genetic variation among P. aeruginosa isolates.
Evaluation of Na+/K+ -ATPases, C-peptide receptor and ATP1A1 gene among Iraqi diabetic type 2 patients
A hallmark of Type 2 Diabetes is insulin resistance. Changes in glucose homeostasis, lipid and uric acid metabolism, vascular function, hemostasis, and coagulation, and more have all been linked to insulin resistance in non-diabetic individuals. These results, identified clinically by the metabolic syndrome, are linked to numerous factors that can be adjusted to stop the development of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease in their early stages, despite having no impact on blood glucose levels, C peptide has been proven in a number of trials to have biological effects through specific binding to as-yet-unknown receptors. C-peptide deprivation and short-term C-peptide infusion in insulin-dependent and Type 1 diabetic patients increase renal function, reduce protein leakage, and restore normal hyperfiltration. C-peptides have several biological effects, including enhancing the activity of nitric oxide synthase in endothelial cells and increasing the activity of Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA). Decreased erythrocyte NKA enzyme activity has been linked to neuropathy in Type 1 diabetics who have the NKA gene's allelic variation. Patients with Type 2 diabetes with the ATP1A1 genotype are more likely to get neuropathy. With its inhibitory effects on NKA enzyme activity, C-peptide contributes to the neuropathy etiology. There is a correlation between erythrocyte NKA enzyme activity and serum C- peptide levels.
Molecular and epidemiological study of Streptococcus pneumonia in Thi-Qar province
Between 3/5/2022 and 28/8/2022,100 samples of sputum were taken from patients with respiratory tract infections (ages 15 to 80) of both sexes who were seen at various hospitals in the Dhi-Qar Governorate of Iraq including the Chest and Respiratory Hospital and the Respiratory Disease Centers dispersed throughout the governorate. Only 88 bacterial isolates could be isolated and identified from these samples. Thirty bacterial isolates (34.1%) were found to belong to Streptocoocus spp., 36 (40.90%) to Staphylococcus spp., nine (10.23%) to Pseudomonas spp., and thirteen (14.7%) to Klebsiella spp., due to the findings of identification based on morphological and cultural features. Then, using biochemical assays, the API 20 STEP system, and blood hemolysis patterns, Streptococcal isolates were further identified as species. Full identification revealed that only 20 (66.7%) of the thirty isolates of Streptococcus were Streptococcus pneumoniae. There was no statistically significant difference in the percentage of S. pneumoniae isolates detected in males (65%) versus females (35%). For the twenty S. pneumoniae isolates, antibiotic susceptibility was investigated. Results revealed that these isolates had various patterns of antibiotic sensitivity. Erythromycin (100%), azithromycin (85.0%), and clindamycin (80.0%) had the highest rates of resistance, while ceftriaxone (70.0%), cefotaxime (65.0%), chloramphenicol (65.0%), tetracycline (60.0%), and penicillin (45.0%) had moderate rates of resistance. Other antibiotics had relatively lower rates of resistance. The findings of this investigation demonstrated that S. pneumoniae isolates were remarkably responsive to Imipenem (100%) and Vancomycin (100%). The final diagnosis required the presence of the genes LytA, Ply, and CpsA, which are believed to be specific for the identification of S. pneumoniae using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technology, in all 20 isolates. All of the S. pneumoniae isolates tested positive for the LytA gene and the Ply gene, each of which had a band size of 480 and 420 base pairs, respectively. The results of this work agree 100% with the results of a study done in Iran by (Hajia et al. 2013), and a study that was conducted in Spain showed that the sensitivity for detection of the LytA and Ply in S. pneumoniae isolates was 100%. Both of these studies were conducted in Spain. The result that was reported in Iran was 84.74%, while the result that was published in the United Kingdom was (97.5%). The result that was found in this study is higher than both of those figures. In addition to being useful in diagnosis, the LytA gene also carries the coding for the enzyme autolysin, also known as LytA. This enzyme dissolves the peptidoglycan backbone of bacterial cells, which ultimately results in bacterial autolysis. LytA is the enzyme that is responsible for the autolytic action that is distinctive of pneumococcus. It is positioned in the cell envelope and is engaged in a range of other physiological cell processes. In light of research, LytA may be responsible for facilitating the release of intracellular toxins such as pneumolysin (Ply) and producing pro-inflammatory cell wall fragments. Both of these factors may contribute to the pathogenesis of pneumococcal disease. In addition, the CpsA gene can be found in all S. pneumoniae strains that have been isolated. Therefore, the conclusion that can be drawn from these findings is that CpsA is present in this bacterium. This gene was picked for molecular identification since it is known to operate as a housekeeping gene. Furthermore, the positive isolates for PCR confirmation were completely consistent with the nigrosin stain test results. These results correlate with the results obtained via, who pointed out that all clinical isolates of S. pnumoniae contained this gene in their samples. The invasiveness of particular isolates is related to the level of expression of the CpsA gene, which is the first gene in the pneumococcal capsule operon.
Women's and men's views and knowledge on male participation in reproductive health in iraq
Reproductive health for women is essential to mothers, babies, families, and the community as a whole. The study was planned in a descriptive cross-sectional design to describe and compare women's and men's views on male participation in reproductive health in Iraq. The study was conducted in Iraq in a women's ward on the third floor of a private nursing home hospital. The women of the sample were in the consulting clinic in Baghdad teaching hospital / Medical City in Baghdad between 1 February 2022 and 10 July 2022. Samples for this study were collected through individual interviews. The sample sizes consisted of 100 Iraqi married men and 100 women. Data analysis in this study was conducted by using SPSS version (22.0). The study used frequency, percentage, t-tests, and Chi-square to investigate the comparative study. This study concluded that the female participants had more knowledge and information about the justifications for abortion and family planning (FP) methods than the males. Most participating men know 73% but do not participate in reproductive health 60%. In this work, the violence in Iraq was also studied, and it was found that it is high. 47% of females strongly agree that violence against women is high in Iraqi society, and 37% of males agree that violence against women is high. Moreover, the most common type of violence in Iraq is verbal (65%), followed by physical violence (55%), as investigated in the views of the study. However, there is no significant difference between the reproductive health issue and the mean score of females and males (t=1.011, p=0.313). The study concluded that most of the participating men have the knowledge, but they do not participate in reproductive health, and the study also concluded that violence is high in Iraqi society, and the females and males agreed that determining the number of children in the family is the responsibility of both sexes and that the role and patterns of the family for both sexes similar. The study concluded that men are often able to use family planning methods, and participants stressed the need to take measures to protect against STDs. It is recommended to spread awareness about reproductive rights and reproductive health for males and females and to increase male participation in reproductive health in Iraq.
The relationship of angiotensin enzyme and other parameters with COVID 19 and its effect on kidney disease in Iraqi society
The aim of this study is to evaluate the importance of ACE, other parameters of Covid 19 and its effect on kidney disease. A total of 105 people were enrolled in this study. 55 patients with COVID-19, 50 normal controls. It stimulates ACE2, which plays important role in the body because it plays a role in maintaining a physiological state. And the pathophysiological balance of the body, and therefore the change in its levels is an important indicator in the diagnosis and follow-up of Covid-19. Age had a clear importance, as the study proved that the older the age, the higher the infection rate, which means that the virus affects the elderly more than the young. Urea and serum creatinine were not significantly affected in those infected with the Covid-19 virus, and this explains the absence of a relationship between renal failure disease and the virus that causes the disease. There was no strong indication of the clinical significance of lipids in COVID 19 patients. D-Dimer had a high statistical significance, as he explains these changes in his results as a result of tissue changes that occur in the lungs, and thus the percentage of oxygen decreases, and as a result, blood clots increase in Covid-19 patients. The results of IL-6 indicate that the levels of IL-6 changed significantly due to the importance of the immune system in this disease.
The relationship between serum apelin and some markers in Iraqi patients with atherosclerosis
To assess the severity and progression of coronary atherosclerosis, the study's goals were to measure the role of apelin levels in the progression of atherosclerosis patients and healthy volunteers and to look into any potential relationships between apelin and the parameters examined in patients with coronary atherosclerosis in the AL-Anbar Governorate of Iraq. In this study, Ninety participants defferent age from 40 to 73 years were included. There were two groups formed from them: The first group of patients was made up of 60 patients and 40 control group. Levels of apelin in the patient were significantly decreased than in the control. Serum concentrations of cTn-I, CK-MB, LDH, and AST were all significantly decreased in patients compared to healthy controls. Serum total cholesterol, LDL-C, TG levels were all significantly higher (p<0.001) and HDL-C level significantly lower (P<0.001) in patients compared with healthy controls. Glucose levels in the patients were 6.18 compared to 4.64 in controls (P<0.0001). HbA1c levels were 3.41 in patients and 1.15 % in controls (P<0.0001). Plasma apelin was strongly negatively associated with BMI, serum CK-MB, LDH, AST, cholesterol, TG, and LDL-C levels, and significantly positively correlated with HDL-C. These findings may indicate a prognostic function of apelin, at least in the development of atherosclerosis.
Assessment of knowledge and practices of diabetic patients to diabetic foot care in Iraq
Diabetic foot is a complication of diabetes and can cause serious foot problems. This study aims to determine the knowledge and practices of diabetic patients regarding diabetic foot care in Iraq. The cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out between April and July 2022. The sample of the study consisted of diabetic patients (n=200). A questionnaire form designed to determine the sociodemographic characteristics of the patients and their knowledge and practices regarding diabetic foot care was used. Data were obtained through face-to-face interviews with patients. SPSS (25) program was used in data entry and analysis. Of the participants (n=200), 79 (39.5%) had a high diabetic foot care knowledge score, and 121 (60.5%) had a low knowledge score. A statistically significant relationship was found between knowledge levels (gender, education level, occupation, income, residence, and whether there is a health center or hospital close to where they live) (p<0.05). In the study, it was determined that 75 (37.5%) of the patients had high application and 125 (62.5%) had low application. A statistically significant relationship was found between the level of practice and the level of education, occupation, and residence (p<0.05). It is recommended to inform diabetic patients about foot problems and their treatments, to print brochures about diabetic foot care practices, to give these brochures to patients when they apply to health institutions, and to inform diabetic patients about this issue.
Irak'ın kadisiye şehrindeki hepatit C (HCV) virüslü hastalarda, yardımcı T 17 hücreleri (T helper 17) ve düzenleyici T hücreleri (T reg) profilinin rolünün belirlenmesi
Viral hepatit, hepatositlere virüs bulaştığında meydana gelen karaciğer iltihabıdır, neden olan virüslerden biri HCV, Flaviviridae'nin bir üyesi olan tek sarmallı bir genom RNA virüsüdür. Mevcut çalışma, bazı karaciğer fonksiyon yönlerinin tahmini ile HCV enfeksiyonuna karşı epidemiyolojik ve immün yanıtı belirlemeyi amaçlamıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlar erkeklerin 22 (%38,6) olan kadınlardan 35 (%61,4) daha yüksek olduğunu ve 20-50 yaş arası orta yaşlarda maksimum enfeksiyon eğiliminde olduğunu göstermiştir. Risk faktörleri için toplanan veriler, talasemi 8 (%14), hemodiyaliz 6 (%10,5), transfüzyon 5 (%8,8), hemofili 6 (%10,5), ev içi maruziyet (temaslar) ile ilişkili enfeksiyonların önemli bir yüzdesi olduğunu göstermiştir 2 (%3,5) ve vakaların çoğunluğunun kaynağı bilinmeyen 30 (%52,7) idi. Sonuçlar, IL-17'nin serum konsantrasyonunda istatistiksel olarak anlamlı (p≤0,05) bir yükselme olduğunu, hasta grubunda ortalama konsantrasyonun 132,63±18,6 pg /mL olduğunu ortaya koydu. Kontrol grubunda ise 96,11±18,5 pg /mL idi. FoxP3'ün gen ekspresyonunun toplanan verileri, kontrol grubuna kıyasla 7,78±0,21 hasta grubunda ekspresyonda 1,93±0,026 olan yüksek istatistiksel anlamlı (p≤0,05) bir artış kaydetti. Karaciğer fonksiyon testi, HCV 52,08±18,7 IU/mL olan hasta grubunda GOT konsantrasyonunda 18,7±3,3 IU/mL olan kontrol grubuna göre istatistiksel olarak anlamlı (p≤0,05) artış olduğunu gösterdi. HCV 53,33±18 IU/mL olan hasta grubunda GPT konsantrasyonunda 18,01±3,7 IU/ mL olan kontrol grubuna göre istatistiksel olarak anlamlı (p≤0,05) yükselme. HCV 139,37±12,78 IU/mL olan hasta grubunda Alkalin fosfataz konsantrasyonunda 66,66±5,9 IU/mL olan kontrol grubuna göre istatistiksel olarak anlamlı (p≤0,05) yükselme saptandı. Mevcut çalışmanın genel bulgusu, karaciğer hasarı süreciyle birlikte bağışıklık tepkisini düzenleyen ve apoptoz nedeniyle karaciğer enzimlerini serbest bırakan aktif bir Th-17 tepkisi ve T-reg hücresi gösterdi.
Level evaluaion of thyroid hormones and lipid profile in patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Iraq
This study was conducted to evaluated the thyroid hormones and lipid profile in people (males and females) with Diabetes mellitus type 2 and study some biochemical parameters. Results showed that the female with DM2 group significantly superior in age parameter as compared to the two other groups (control and male with DM2). The results revealed that there was a significant differences between the tested groups which indicated that RBC count of male with DM2 was higher than count of female with DM2, the male with DM2 recorded 4.88 cells / mcl as compared to 5.49 cells / mcl respectively, The women with DM2 significantly superior on the other group in mean of HbA1c which recorded 6.55 as compared to 4.39 in control group. The results indicated an essential difference between the three groups in mean of level of T3 and T4 hormone, male with DM2 significantly decreased in mean of T3 levels which recorded 68.03 ng/ dL as compared to 79.67 and 96.05 ng/ dL for women with DM2 and control group respectively.The results found that TSH hormone production as compared to healthy persons, the women with DM2 group significantly elevated the level of TSH in patients which recorded 4.00 mU/ L as compared to 2.20 mU/ L in healthy persons. The results pointed a significant differences in liver profile especially levels of GOT and GPT between two patients group (male and female with DM2) and healthy individuals group.