Empirical analysis of the impact of Industry 4.0 on employment with panel data

In recent years, technologies such as humanoid robots, smart factories, self-driving cars, and even three-dimensional printers capable of producing a human heart are increasingly taking place in our daily lives. The technologies that we have seen only in the script of a movie are becoming a reality day by day. These realities are included in our daily life with the latest industrial revolution, Industry 4.0, or the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Developing new technologies bring new concerns. The biggest concern is the changes that technologies brought by the last revolution, especially humanoid robots, will create on the employment structure. Because this issue is also the subject of discussion in the economic literature. The aim of this study is to analyze what changes the technologies that come with Industry 4.0 will cause on employment. In this context, in the first part of the study, how the technological revolutions that have occurred up to date, the innovations it brought and the socio-economic effects have been discussed respectively in the first three revolutions. In the second part of the study, how and when Industry 4.0 emerged and the technologies that are frequently mentioned together with Industry 4.0, or which became known for the first time with this last revolution, were examined with examples in our daily life. As for the third section, the effects of industrial revolutions on the labor market have been examined since the first industrial revolution. In addition, new opportunities and risks that may occur with the last revolution have been evaluated and new employment areas and disappearing jobs are presented in this section. In the fourth chapter, Turkey has made an assessment of the current situation and Turkey's manufacturing industry is examined in the last part of the technological structure of panel data analysis for impact analysis on employment will generate Industry 4.0. According to the findings, employment decreases as high and medium - high technology production increases. This justifies the concerns that Industry 4.0 will suppress employment. In addition, it has been determined that public R&D expenditures, which are another discussion in the literature, can be more efficient in terms of Industry 4.0 in terms of efficiency of public expenditures.