An evaluation of Erich Fromm's distinction between to have and to be in terms of moral philosophy

This thesis examines the moral structure of modern society from a philosophical perspective within the framework of Erich Fromm’s concepts of “having” and “being.” It explores the effects of defining human value through possessions, social status, and success on individual and social moral life in the context of Fromm’s existential approach. The study evaluates the moral consequences of having and being orientations in individuals’ relationships with themselves, others, and the world. Fromm’s views on these concepts are examined through descriptive and analytical methods, with particular attention to their effects on freedom, productivity, responsibility, love, and alienation. The moral problems associated with a mode of life based on having, which defines human existence through possession, consumption, and domination, are analyzed, while the relationship between the orientation of being and productivity, freedom, and self-realization is examined. In addition, the effects of consumer culture, competition, and success-oriented values in modern society on individuals’ self-perception and moral choices are discussed. The study also considers the orientation of being as a critical and humanistic alternative to these problems. In conclusion, the conceptual limitations and internal tensions of Fromm’s approach are critically evaluated, and the explanatory potential of the distinction between having and being for understanding contemporary moral problems is assessed. The study emphasizes that human value should be grounded not in possession, but in productivity, freedom, meaningful relationships, and responsibility.