Evaluation of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), complement component 3 (C3), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and some biochemical variables in type-2 diabetic patients with helicobacter pylori seropositivity

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic disorder that is defined by chronic hyperglycemia due to defects in insulin action, insulin release, or both. It is an urgent global health challenge involving serious consequences for society and the economy. T2DM accounts for ninety percent of all documented cases of diabetes and ranks among the top ten leading causes of mortality. People with diabetes often have a higher susceptibility to chronic infections as a consequence of hyperglycemia, impaired immune system function, and various diseases such as heart disease and hypertension. There are evidences about the association between Helicobacter pylori and T2DM. H. pylori are gram-negative bacteria that inhabit the gastric mucosa, leading to the emergence of diverse clinical disorders like peptic ulcer, chronic gastritis, and gastric adenocarcinomas. However, complications associated with H. pylori are not restricted only to the stomach region. Extradigestive diseases, like diabetes, have been scientifically linked to H. pylori incidence. The development of T2DM was strongly associated with a higher concentration of inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), C-reactive protein (CRP), and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Therefore, our research aimed to assess the frequency of H. pylori infection among people with T2DM, investigate the influence of H. pylori on certain inflammatory mediators in T2DM, and evaluate the influence of inflammatory mediators on glycemic control markers (HbA1c, plasma glucose) in individuals with T2DM. The study enrolled 95 individuals with T2DM and 45 apparently healthy subjects attending the internal medicine division at Kirkuk Teaching Hospital in Kirkuk City. Volunteers have ii been screened to confirm T2DM and H. pylori. Inflammatory mediators: C3, TNF-α, hs-CRP, IL-6, and ferritin of all the volunteers were also recorded. The SSPS statistical package was applied for data analysis. The study concluded that H. pylori influences glycemic control, and people with T2DM are vulnerable to H. pylori infection. Also, a direct relationship is found between inflammatory mediators and glycemic markers, indicating that these mediators may be used for estimating glycemic control in T2DM patients.