Analysis of the relationship between migration, economic growth and energy consumption: An application on EU countries

The phenomenon of migration is spread over a wide area in terms of content. Migration, which has positive and negative effects, is a reaction against economic developments, transportation and communication systems, as well as political pressures, war and social unrest in every age. For this reason, the phenomenon of migration leaves economic, cultural and political effects in the period it emerges. The role of energy consumption in the economic growth of countries is significant.It is also one of the most important socio-economic development elements. The energy consumption volume and power of each country serves as a key to the stable economic development of that country, and is also an important development indicator. Therefore, migration and energy consumption significantly affect the economic growth of countries. Within the scope of this study, 20 European Union countries (Malta, Spain, Cyprus, Greece, Netherlands, Ireland, Austria, Luxembourg, Hungary, Portugal, Germany, Belgium, Czech Republic and Denmark, Finland, France, Croatia, Sweden) between 2008-2021. , Italy, Slovenia) migration, economic growth and energy consumption variables were examined by panel data analysis method. The aim of this research is to find out the effect of immigrants coming as a result of the migration movement towards these countries on economic growth and energy consumption. Horizontal dependency test, Crosssectional Augmented Dickey Fuller (CADF) unit root test and Dumitrescu & Hurlin (2012) panel granger causality test were used in econometric analyses. Dumitrescu & Hurlin (2012) panel granger causality test determined the direction of the relationships between the variables. In the present study, Stata software system was utilized for data analysis. The findings revealed several significant causal relationships among the examined variables. The study's findings suggest a causal link between migration and economic growth, as well as between energy consumption and economic growth. Additionally, the study identified a causal relationship between energy consumption and migration. These results indicate that migration and energy consumption could have significant impacts on driving economic growth. Policymakers should therefore consider these factors carefully when making decisions that affect economic growth.In this context, it was concluded that migration is not the cause of energy consumption, but energy consumption causes migration. Countries with high energy consumption are countries that have high capital power and demand for labor, so they are the target of migration movements. In this case, it can be said that energy consumption will cause migration movements until the labor market reaches a balance between the countries that send and receive immigration. In addition, it has been determined that economic growth is not the cause of migration in these countries, but migration causes economic growth. As a result of migration movements, it has been determined that economic growth is positively affected as a result of the meeting of capital power and labor supply. Keywords: Migration, Economic Growth, Energy Consumption, Panel Data Analysis, European Union.