The insti̇tuti̇on of cali̇phate's hi̇stori̇cal evoluti̇on: A poli̇ti̇cal theology based commentary

After prophet Mohammed's death a question came out in Arab society which was about who the next president would be. In this time, several debates about presidency of Islam state had occured. The reasons of these debates were Prophet Mohammed did not choose anyone for the presidency and also in that time there was no proper active election system. Arabs used to live as tribes and they had built their political identity through tribes they belonged before Islam. Afterwards, they had been influenced on both socio-cultural and political life after accepting Mohammed's Islam. Once Arab society hadn't had central authority and then starting with Islam, Arabs did not only gathered under one central authority but also expanded their borders. With this expansion, Arab society needed some managerial, administrative systems. However, since they haven't had a system which would have been suitable for that time's requirements and needs, various different debates had occured. For that there were different approaches related to this system issue.Propher Mohammed had two identity which were divine and political leadership in Arab society. Because of that, after his death, Arabs were in search of a new leader. Each of first four caliphs ruled the state with different political view and approach after Prophet Mohammed's death. We can consider this period of time as an election period since these four caliphs were elected by the people's participation and there was no heir system.In this thesis study, we will focus on the period of four caliphs and the following caliphate period (which started from Muawiyah who captured the government by force and turned Islamic governance into inheritance till 1924.) as governance approach in political theology context.