Identification housekeeping genes of coliform bacteria from Mosul hospitals waste water-stations as an indicator for pollution

The management of hospital wastewater has become a significant issue due to the presence of unregulated emerging micropollutants, which can have potential health effects on humans and aquatic species. In this review, we focus on the formation, composition, and ecotoxicological effects of selected emerging housekeeping genes for Salmonella spp. (thrA, purE, sucA, hisD, aroC, hemD, dnaN) found in hospital wastewater. Chromogenic coliform agar is used as a medium for identifying Salmonella spp. by producing a characteristic color change in the presence of the bacteria. This tool is crucial for the detection and enumeration of Salmonella in food, water, and clinical specimens. Additionally, we examine other techniques used to quantify the concentration of these emerging pollutants in hospital wastewater, including minimum inhibition concentrations of antibiotics and comparison sequencing methods. The results of these methods are positive, emphasizing the need for effective management and treatment of hospital wastewater. In conclusion, the management of hospital wastewater is crucial due to the presence of emerging pollutants, and the techniques discussed in this review can be used to identify and quantify these pollutants.