The influences of the Second Constitutional Monarchy on the Ottoman administration in Balkans

Rumeli (European part of the Ottoman Empire) was a place where various languages were spoken, differed civilisations appeared and many religions and sects existed. Rumeli has reached to XX. th century without much change, thanks to the tolerance of the Ottoman Empire. The nationalistic ideas and activities that exploded in the XX. th century, transformed Balkans to the ferst days of the Ottoman invasion of these places, Peoples of Balkans that were in a pitiless struggle witheach other before the Ottoman invasion, had started to comloat with the Turkish adminis tration to complete their independence struggle. This struggle is called "Rumeli Problem", This problem has gained new dimensions after the imperialist countries hare started to incite the etnich conflicts in order to find the new privilege areas fit to their benefits. Rumeli stayed in blood and fire until today, after the encouragement of the nationalism by French Revolution and by Orthodox Russian imperialism. The Ottoman Empire that feced all these struggles was also bothered by the internal disorders. Sciena and technology had regressed a great deal in Ottoman Empire; as a result of this, financial and economic systems had collapsed and the most important establishments of the state could not continue their usual activities, European countries under the mask of reformism, were inciting all the Christians living in the Ottoman Empire to get their independence. Ottoman Empire had performed reforms in 1839, 1856 and 1876, these were the reforms demanded by European eventries; however nothing much was achieved writh them. Union and progression Party, formed as a reaction to the imperialist countries that played intrigues on the integrity of the Ottoman Empire, declared the Second Constitutional Monarchy first in Macedonian and then in the whole Empire, in order to stop the absolute monarchy and decadence of the Ottoman Empire. The aim of the Constitutional Monarchy was realistic. It amied to preserv the present boundaries of the Empire and to provide participation of the people to the administration of the state through a Parliament. Union and progression party, by writing and declaring Constitution, had definitely decided to crush the old political,social and economic system. The declaration of Constitutional Monarchy hod brought new concepts for the state and citizenship. Not only the privileges of the monarchy and the old bureaucracy but also these of the ethnic and religious communities were removed. Everyone would be equal in front of the laws and considered firs class citizens, A new age had started for the women especially. State would wudartake the education it self. Secret police and censoring were forbidden and domiciliary inviolability, free travel to the abroad and development of economy were guaranteed. The palace was deeply disturbed from the declaration of Constitutional Monarchy; because this declaration had ended the politics and the domination of the Palace. The Constitutional Monarchy alsoscared the big countries that exploited the weakness of the Ottoman Empire and benefited from the arbitrary administration of the monarch. Big countries were disturbed by the following reforms of the Constitutuonal Monarchy: The prohibition of the political groups based on the sect or nationality and closing of the Greek, Albanian, Serbian and Bulgarian clubs; the Law for struggling with the bandits; the Law of the public gatherings and the Law of Drafting the hon- Moslem Ottoman citizens. Big countries continued to sabotage these reforms. Balkans had become a kind of Babil Tower after the accumulation of the various races and religions as result of the expansion politics of the Ottoman Empire. Hellenism, Slavism, Germanism., Sionism, Turanism, Albanianism and Ulahism were growing together in Balkans and Macedonian. Ottoman Empire faced a big defeat awel withdrew completely from Balkans. This defeat was facilitated by the pacts signed awang Balkan countries, the endless conspiracies whose murders were never found and the activities of the opposition groups. Mevhibe SAVAŞ Arnavut: Albain Rum: Byzantines (the Byzantines): Rumlu Sırp: Serbia Sırbistan: Sırbiye Bulgar: Bulgaria Rum: Greek of Turkish citizenship ic yükseköğretim