Silence in early sufi sources

This thesis explores the concept of sukût (silence) within the framework of Sûfî thought, focusing on its meaning and function as a method of spiritual discipline. Rather than merely abstaining form speech, sukût encompasses multiple layers such as self-discipline (riyâzat), contemplation (murâqaba), spiritual etiquette (adab), and inner purification. In this context, the study investigates the foundations of silence in the Qur'an and the Sunnah, as well as its treatment in classical Sûfî texts, drawing on the perspectives of prominent Sûfî figures such as Samarqandî, Abû Tâlib al-Makkî, al-Qushayrî, Hujvîrî and al-Ghazâlî. The first part of the study explains the literal and terminological meaning of silence. The meanings implied by silence in the Quran and hadith are presented with examples. Based on the works of classical Sufi authors, the semantics of silence, its treatment as a state or station, and its role in self-discipline by Sufis are analyzed. The second and final part evaluates the function of silence in Sufi discipline and its place in the process of struggle. The study concludes that in Sûfî education, silence is not merely the absence of speech, but a method of refining the soul, restraining the tongue, and preserving spiritual etiquette. In this respect, sukût stands as a central component of Sûfî practice and inner transformation. Keywords: Sûfîsm Silence, Discipline, Nafs, Adab, State, Statio