The prediction role of 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine, growth differential factor-15, and high-sensitive c-reactive protein in inflammatory atherosclerosis cardiovascular patients

Reactive oxygen species have a crucial role in normal physiological processes and the development of several illnesses, including cardiovascular disorders. In standard physiological settings, the antioxidant system effectively removes reactive oxygen species. However, if the quantity of reactive oxygen species becomes too high, it may lead to oxidative damage in proteins, lipids, and DNA. One of the most researched metabolites is 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine, a biomarker for DNA oxidative damage due to guanosine's high oxidizing potential compared to other nucleobases in DNA. Elevated concentrations of 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine have been detected in sections of the aorta in individuals with advanced atherosclerotic plaques. Furthermore, it is directly associated with the quantity of blood vessels implicated in the development of atherosclerosis. Growth-differentiation factor-15 is associated with the development of cardiovascular disease and its underlying mechanisms, including cellular oxidative stress, ischemia, and atherosclerosis. GDF-15 is known to regulate energy metabolism, suppress appetite, and influence immune responses, often exhibiting anti-inflammatory or tissue-protective effects in acute stress, yet potentially contributing to disease progression in chronic states. Further research is necessary to fully distinguish its causal roles from its reactive signaling. Furthermore, it has a vital impact on restricting the enlistment of inflammatory cells by disrupting the activation of leukocyte integrin, thereby impeding the detention and migration of leukocytes. The high-sensitivity C-reactive protein plays a role in the body's natural immunological response. It is an inflammatory marker not unique to any one condition and has been extensively studied in cardiovascular disease research. It directly facilitates the development of atherothrombosis. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein is a test that may detect lower levels of C-reactive protein in the body. This test helps classify patients into low, moderate, and high-risk categories based on their levels of High-sensitivity C-reactive protein. Therefore, persons classified as intermediate high risk may benefit from intense treatment. This comparative study included 180 participants, 90 suffering from atherosclerosis cardiovascular disease in the emergency department and cardiology wards in several hospitals in Baghdad. The study also included 90 participants who appeared to be in good health and did not suffer from any disease under the name of the healthy control group. 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine, Growth-differentiation factor-15, and High-sensitivity C-reactive protein were assessed using the ELISA technique, while lipid profiles were estimated using biochemical spectrophotometer instruments. During the current study, all study populations were old, (with a mean 60±6.38 years for healthy control and 60.7±6.19 years for patients with (p-value 0.465)). The mean of 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine was higher (42.3±9.54 ng/mL) in patients than in healthy populations (26.1±5.74 ng/mL). In addition, growth differential factor-15 was significantly elevated (1206±238 pg/mL) in patient populations compared to healthy populations (666±130 pg/mL). Furthermore, high-sensitive-C-reactive protein serum levels were higher among patient populations (1.68±0.174 µg/mL) in comparison to healthy populations (0.815±0.116 µg/mL). These findings indicated a significant statistical difference (p-value <0.001). Regarding lipid profiles, the concentrations of total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density-lipoprotein, and very-low-density-lipoprotein were higher in patients (200±18.7, 194±23.5, 127±20.8, and 38.9±4.7 mg/dL, respectively) than in healthy control (169±15.7, 88.3±20.7, 109±18.1, and 17.7±4.15 mg/dL, respectively). Moreover, a high statistical difference was found among both study population groups based on (P-value<0.0001). In contrast, the patient population shows lower High-density-lipoprotein serum levels (33.8±5.72 mg/dL) than the healthy population (42.7±5.85 mg/dL), indicating a significant statistical difference (p-value <0.0001). According to correlation findings, the current study shows a positive correlation between 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine with growth differential factor-15 (r=0.424) and total cholesterol (r=0.456) and low-density lipoprotein (r=0.409). Additionally, growth differential factor-15 positively correlates with total cholesterol (r=0.468) and low-density lipoprotein (r=0.425). A positive correlation was found between total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (r=0.930). Unexpectedly, triglyceride shows a negative correlation with low-density lipoprotein (r=-0.361), while a strong positive correlation with very-low-density lipoprotein (r=1), and a negative correlation between low-density lipoprotein and very-low-density lipoprotein (r=-0.301). Moreover, a negative correlation was discovered between high-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein (r=-0.310). In conclusion, this study found that 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine, growth differential factor-15, and high-sensitive-C-reactive protein are essential in initiating and progressing atherosclerosis among elderly patients. Furthermore, 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine and growth differential factor-15 were associated with complexity relationships with dyslipidemia