Architecture and technology: Effects of artificial intelligence, virtual reality and researched reality applications on architectural design

This study comprehensively examines the impact of contemporary digital technologies artificial intelligence (AI), virtual reality (VR), and augmented reality (AR)on architectural design processes. Technological advancements are transforming not only the instrumental aspects of architecture but also its intellectual, aesthetic, and epistemological dimensions. Today, through these technologies, architecture redefines both its modes of production and its methods of perceiving and representing space in the context of digitalization. Accordingly, this research aims to explore the contributions, modes of interaction, and new design paradigms emerging from the integration of AI, VR, and AR technologies into architectural practice. Artificial intelligence technologies support decision-making mechanisms in design processes through parametric design, generative algorithms, and machine learning–based systems. As a result, the design process becomes faster, more efficient, and more personalized. Virtual reality technology provides designers and users with a three-dimensional, real-time spatial experience, allowing designs to be tested and evaluated in the early stages. Augmented reality technology, by merging digital and physical environments, enhances user participation especially in on-site decision-making processes and enables a more holistic assessment of design within its spatial context. The interactive use of these technologies fosters interdisciplinary collaboration in architecture while enhancing the flexibility and adaptability of the design process. In conclusion, the integration of AI, VR, and AR technologies into architectural design processes not only transforms formal production techniques but also reshapes the cultural, ethical, and cognitive dimensions of architecture. The digitalization process strengthens the interaction between designer and user, contributing to the development of a participatory and user-centered architectural approach. This transformation indicates that approaches such as sustainability, experiential design, and data-driven design will gain greater importance in the architecture of the future. Thus, the study provides an important perspective on the new modes of thinking and design practices introduced by digital technologies, offering valuable insights into the future of contemporary architecture.