Gorgan city in Islamic history until the Mongolic invasion

The city of Gorgan which today it located within the borders of Iran's Golestan province, it has an important place in Islamic History and Civilization. Gorgan, which is also the administrative center of this province, although it was conquered during the Caliph Omar period, it changed hands many times in administrative terms due to its geopolitical location and being on an important trade route such as the silk road. During the Umayyad period, Gorgan, which was ruled by the governors appointed from the center, hosted many rebellions due to the mountainous nature of the geographical conditions, the ambition of the local administrators and its relative distance from the center during the Abbasid period, and almost acted as a shelter for the rebels who could not get along with the Abbasids. The city, which became calm with the Ziyârî Dynasty (928-1090) taking Gorgan as its center, turned into ruins as a result of the Mongols coming here in 1267 and capturing the city. Gorgan which was rebuilt with the decrease of the influence of the Mongols, was in the hands of the Safavids and Qajars for a certain period of time. Scholars such as Bîrûnî, Avicenne and Ghazzalî visited Gorgan, a science, culture and art center where great scholars were trained, on various occasions and carried out various research and scientific studies. In addition to this, many scholars who were originally from Gorgan were educated in Gorgan. Among them, Seyyid eş-Sherîf al-Cürcânî and ʿAbdalqāhir al-Curcânî are the most famous. The city of Gorgan, which is frequented by traders, has also developed commercially and artistically. Since it was the center of silk production, raw silk and products obtained from silk were marketed to many countries. Also, very high quality ceramics in different forms were produced in the city. Key words: History of Islam, City, Gorgan, Scholar, Trade, Ceramics.