Moringa oleifera L. ekstraktinin yoğurt üreti̇mi̇nde kullanimi

Consumption of fermented dairy products is associated with foods have an inverse relationship with the risk of colorectal cancer. The lactic acid bacteria lower the intestinal pH and suppress the enzymes. Yoghurt as a dairy product contains probiotics. Health benefits of probiotics anti-lactose properties, antibacterial properties, anti-mutagenic properties, anti-cancer properties. Yoghurt has had an important role in improving gut health since ancient times. It was used to relieve diarrhea caused by infection due to pathogenic bacteria. Moringa oleifera L. is a cruciferous plant, spread in different parts of the world. It is a perennial tree, and its use for industrial, medicinal and traditional industrial purposes has been advocated for centuries. Moringa is a rich source of nutrients such as calcium, potassium, magnesium, zinc, iron and vitamins. The phytochemicals (flavonoids, alkanoides, terpenoides) present in Moringa is of strong anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, hepatoprotective anti-biofilm, and anti-oxidant activities. The leaves of the Moringa plant are a rich source of antioxidants, including vitamin C, beta-carotene, chlorogenic acid, and quercetin. Moringa also contains chlorogenic acid, which is useful for lowering blood sugar levels. In this thesis, Moringa leaves were extracted in water then water-soluble compounds were dried to obtain Moringa extract. This Moringa extract obtained was added to the milk to be made into yoghurt in two different ratios as 0.4% and 0.8% on the basis of dry matter. In addition, Moringa extract was microencapsulated with maltodextrin coating material, and this microencapsulated extract was added to the milk to be made into yoghurt in two different ratios containing 0.4% and 0.8% Moringa extract on the basis of dry matter. In addition, control yoghurt without any Moringa extract was produced. These 5 different yoghurts obtained were stored in the refrigerator and investigated in terms of physical, chemical, textural, microbiological and sensory on the 1st, 10th and 20th days of storage. Dry matter, protein, fat, pH, titratable acidity, syneresis, viscosity, total phenolic content of yoghurt samples were in rage of 14.09-15.39%, 3.76-4.15%, 3.60-3.63%, 4.04-4.44%, 1.05%-1.49%, 10.63-18.65%, 3566.5-6163.5 cP, 13.25-70.72 μg GAE/mg yoghurt respectively. As Moringa and Microencapsulated Moringa extracts increased, dry matter, protein, titration acidity and total phenolic content values increased (P<0.05), while viscosity decreased (P<0.05). No significant change was observed in syneresis values (P>0.05). Firmness, consistency, cohesiveness and viscosity index values, which are the textural parameters, varied between 40.17 and 85.47 g, 1055 and 2228.04 g, -33.46 and -82.57 g, -82.96 and -180.24 g, respectively. ME addition significantly decreased the firmness, consistency, cohesiveness, and viscosity index of yoghurt compared to control yoghurt (P<0.05). Again, the addition of MME significantly decreased the same parameters compared to ME yoghurts (P<0.05). The addition of ME and MME significantly affected L* and a* values of the yoghurt samples (P<0.05). The addition of MME had a greater effect on L* and a* value than the addition of ME (P<0.05). The addition of ME and MME significantly affected the b* values of the yoghurt samples (P<0.05). The addition of MME had a same effect on the b* value with the addition of ME (P>0.05). The S. thermophilus and L. bulgaricus counts tended to remain constant throughout storage. In general, we observed that the addition of ME and MME did not affect the number of S. thermophilus and L. bulgaricus in yoghurt. ME and MME effected flavor-aroma, body-texture, and colour-appearance scores of yoghurts significantly (P<0.05). The highest scores were found in control sample during storage (P<0.05). As the extract concentration increased, the flavor-aroma and body-texture scores decreased (P<0.05). The samples with MME were more appreciated by the panellists than the samples with ME