Determination of genetic diversity of Muğla ecotype of Apis mellifera anatoliaca Maa, 1953 (Anatolian honey bee) spreadi̇ng in muğla province using ISSR markers

Honey bees are social insects that live in colonies in the Apidae family, the genus Apis. Honey bees are the most important pollinators of plant-based agricultural products in the world, ıt has a key role in nature economically and ecologically. Turkey has many ecotypes that adapt to different areas with its various climatic characteristics, geographical conditions and the presence of habitats it hosts. One of these ecotypes is Muğla ecotype, Apis mellifera anatoliaca. This ecotype; adaptation to Muğla climatic conditions shows the from other ecotypes with its reproduction pattern and morphological features. But Apis mellifera anatoliaca there are very few studies to reveal the genetic diversity of the Muğla ecotype. For this purpose, we examined the genetic similarities and differences between and within the population of Apis mellifera anatoliaca subspecies, Muğla ecotype using ISSR molecular marker technique. In this study, the inner-population and interpopulation genetic diversity of 130 bee samples from 13 different populations collected from 10 different locations in Muğla province were analyzed using ISSR markers. POPGENE Version 1.32 and GenAlex Version 6.05 computer software were used to analyze the data obtained as a result of the scans. As a result of the analyzes, a total of 425 loci were detected with 10 ISSR primers, and an average of 42 polymorphic loci per primer was detected. The number of polymorphic loci in the populations ranges from 107 to 213. The data of the populations were analyzed, the average number of alleles (Na) and the average effective allele number (Ne) observed for all populations was found be be 1.99±0.04 and 1.41±0.35 respectively. Genetic diversity value (h) and Shannon constant of Nei for all populations was determined as 0.24±0.18 and 0.38±0.24 respectively. While the location with the lowest genetic diversity among all populations was determined as Seydikemer, the location with the highest genetic diversity was determined as Bodrum. In addition, the total genetic diversity (HT) and genetic diversity within the population (HS) of all populations was found to be 0.24±0.03 and 0.12±0.01 respectively, genetic differentiation coefficient (GST) of the populations was determined as 0.50, and gene flow value (Nm) was 0.49. As a result of the analysis, the distance of 13 districts from each other was determined by the genetic distance value of Nei. Marmaris and Datça populations were found to be genetically closest to each other. Marmaris and Yatağan populations were found to be genetically most distant. Molecular Analysis of Varience (AMOVA), was performed using the GenAlex Version 6.05 program. As a result of Molecular Analysis of Varience (AMOVA), it was observed that the variation was 51 % within the population and 49 % among the populations.