The role and effects of shadow education in secondary education institutions

In this study, the role and effects of shadow education in secondary education institutions were analyzed. A relational model, one of the quantitative research methods, was used in the research. Data were collected from 662 students attending secondary education institutions in the provincial centers of Düzce and Bolu during the 2023-2024 academic year. The inventory developed by Hajar and Abenova (2021) was used to gather the data. The data were analyzed using appropriate test-analysis techniques with the SPSS program. This research aims to determine the content of shadow education from the perspective of secondary school students and to obtain their opinions on the shadow education they receive. According to the results, students who received one-to-one tutoring improved their exam grades, revision skills, and self-confidence in school performance. It was found that students primarily took both individual and group lessons to prepare for central exams and to better understand the subjects, resulting in improved academic skills. The findings of the study are discussed in comparison with the existing literature. In conclusion, this study can provide a basis for future research by revealing the potential effects of shadow education on secondary school students and the dimensions in which shadow education impacts their academic achievement.