Investigation of some biological properties and controling possibilities of common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium L.) that are problem in cotton production areas

This study was carried out between the years 2020-2022 in order to investigate some biological properties and control possibilities of common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium L.), which is a problem in cotton fields. As results of the study; the frequency of common cocklebur in cotton fields of South Anatolia Region was found to be 84.7% in Şanlıurfa, 83.3% in Diyarbakır, 79% in Mardin and 56% in Batman. It was determined that the optimum emergence depth of common cocklebur in the soil is 2-10 cm and the germination temperatures of the seeds are minimum 5 °C, optimum 15-35 °C and maximum 40 °C. it was determined that different doses of trifloxysulfuron sodium (1, 1.5 and 2 g/da) had an effect over 90% in the control of common cocklebur, while the effectiveness of fluometuron was low in all three doses (200, 250 and 300 ml/da). It was determined that there was an increase in plant height, wet and dry weight values of common cocklebur at high temperature and CO2 levels, while the effect of trifloxysulfuron sodium increased at high CO2 levels, there was no significant change in the effectiveness of fluometuron. In the diagnostic studies of common cocklebur; Morphologically, a subspecies of X. orientale and two subspecies of X. strumarium were determined. In molecular studies, it was determined that the species and subspecies of the genus Xanthium could not be distinguished by means of ITS4-ITS5 primers, and the similarities and differences between the common cocklebur from 26 provinces of Turkey were revealed phylogenetically.