Analysis of the mosaic tile patterns in the historical structures of Samarkand and their reproduction with the geometric mosaic technique

This study tries to systematically analyze the design principles of the mosaic tile patterns found in the monumental structures of Samarkand, which are key examples of Timurid architecture and art, and to recreate these design principles through a method developed for this study. The main problem addressed is the lack of a comprehensive and practical methodology able to analyze the geometric patterns in the ornamentation of Timurid-era buildings and applying these traditional designs in contemporary practice. A two stage innovative approach combines systematic digital analysis and physical production.. At first the patterns found in monumental structures such as the Shah-i Zinda Complex, Gur-e Amir Mausoleum, Ulugh Beg Observatory, and Registan Square were carefully analyzed using the Systematic Digital Analysis Method using the AutoCAD environment. The mathematical foundations of the patterns, which are based on the principles of symmetry, modulation, and repetition, were carefully examined. The second stage involves the development of the original Geometric Marble Mosaic Technique, which uses templates derived from the systematic digital data. This technique consciously employs marble instead of traditional ceramic tiles to reinterpret historical pattern forms through a contemporary design method. Despite challenges such as preserving material compatibility, achieving color tones identical to the originals, and replicating the glossy and rich appearance of the glaze, the method successfully overcame these difficulties. Furthermore, the adoption of modern application techniques such as mortarless placement enabled the resulting works to maintain both historical authenticity and a modern aesthetic appearance. The applicability of this comprehensive technique has been demonstrated through workshops organized for students from various disciplines such as Architecture, Traditional Handicrafts, Visual Communication Design, and Industrial Design, as well as for teachers under the Ministry of National Education. It is observed that the proposed approach serves not only as a tool for preservation and reproduction but also as an integrative source of inspiration and an educational model for new generations of designers and educators. Keywords: Samarkand, Mosaic Tile, Geometric Pattern, Geometric Marble Mosaic Technique, Systematic Digital Analysis, Cultural Heritage, Timurid Art, Design Education.