Analysis of capital reduction and issues related to its taxation

Capital is defined differently in economics, finance and law and it is a subject of interest to various natural and legal persons such as shareholders, creditors, possible future shareholders and other stakeholders of the firm. Firms being tax payers, firms? capital is also a subject of interest to the state. Capital can be reduced voluntarily due to various economic reasons, or as a mandatory process in case of a loss of capital.In the Turkish legislation, capital reduction is regulated in Articles 473, 474, and 475 of the Turkish Commercial Code (TCC). Taking into consideration the protective role of capital for the creditors, capital reduction, which is in essence, a change in the Articles of Incorporation, is regulated with stricter rules than other changes to the Articles of Incorporation.Capital reduction has not been widely used in Turkey, due to the long lasting high inflation periods, and the process being slow and costly. Currently, with substantially lowered inflation rates, and the newly introduced changes to the TCC, setting the rules for corporate spin offs, which might result in capital reductions, the process is expected to be used much more frequently than before. Consequently, before it becomes widely used, it is important to analyze the process of capital reduction together with its tax impacts, and to suggest any revisions to the existing process, for eliminating any uncertainties and making the process more effective.Although there is no explicit provision in our tax laws related to the taxation of capital reduction, in practice, when there is a payment to the shareholders due to capital reduction, for tax purposes this payment is treated as dividend and taxed accordingly. However, it is debatable that this practice is in line with the constitutional principle that taxes can only be levied through laws.This study analyses capital reduction and issues related to its taxation, taking into consideration their relevance to commercial law and capital market law. Thus, the analysis collectively evaluates the provisions in the old and the new Commercial Codes, Tax Codes, Capital Market Legislation, related court decisions and taxation practices, identifies and suggests solutions to the problems encountered in practice, which mainly arise due to the fact that there is no explicit provision in the tax laws for taxation of capital reduction.