Human actions in the context of transhumanism: The problem of predestination and free will

This study aims to examine how human understanding of divine decree, destiny, free will, and responsibility should be evaluated from the perspective of Islamic theology (kalām) in the age of transhumanism. A qualitative research method was adopted, and classical and contemporary kalām literature, along with studies on transhumanism, artificial intelligence, and human enhancement technologies, were examined through a comparative and analytical approach. Within this framework, the understanding of divine decree and destiny, the fundamental claims of transhumanism, and its conception of humanity were evaluated. The theological problems arising from transhumanism were analyzed in terms of divine decree, destiny, free will, and human responsibility. The study also examined the possible effects of technological interventions on human free will, actions, and eligibility for religious responsibility. The findings indicate that technological developments may expand human capabilities but do not eliminate religious and moral responsibility. Therefore, the claims of transhumanism concerning the future of humanity should be reconsidered in accordance with the principles of Islamic theology, while human dignity, moral values, and divine will should remain central to discussions of humanity’s future.