An Analysıs of the Relatıonshıp Between Urbanızed Areas and Geomorphology ın Van Usıng GIS

Built-up areas are shaped by the direct interaction between human settlements and geomorphological features. In particular, the limited suitability of steep and rugged terrains for habitation increases the risks of unplanned urbanization, infrastructure deficiencies, and natural disasters. Therefore, identifying the relationship between settlement areas and geomorphological units enables the accurate evaluation of geographical constraints and potentials, contributing to the development of safe, sustainable, and environmentally compatible urbanization. This study aims to evaluate the spatial development of built-up areas within the context of geomorphological suitability, to reveal the influence of geographical factors on settlement decisions, and to emphasize the importance of integrating environmental data into urban planning processes. In this context, the spatial relationship between built-up areas and geomorphological units in Van province was analyzed using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). A land suitability map was generated through the Weighted Overlay method, and statistical suitability was assessed using Zonal Statistics based on existing settlements and zoning plan data. The analysis results indicate that most of the current settlement areas in Van are located on geomorphologically suitable units such as alluvial plains, terraces, and old alluvium. An average suitability value of 4.36 demonstrates a strong alignment between urban development and natural conditions. Conversely, settlement in steep and heterogeneous areas is more limited, and some zones planned for development overlap with low-suitability units. Integrating geomorphological suitability analyses into urban planning has become essential for reducing disaster risks, guiding infrastructure investments, and developing long-term land-use strategies. In this regard, the consideration of geomorphological data in settlement decisions plays a critical role in forming resilient urban models that align with sustainability principles, mitigate environmental risks, and respect natural thresholds. This study provides valuable insights into how urban growth dynamics in Van interact with geomorphological conditions, highlighting the significance of sustainable spatial planning. The findings underscore the necessity of steering urban development not only according to current needs but also in harmony with the carrying capacity of the natural environment. Furthermore, the integration of GIS-based spatial analyses into planning processes contributes significantly to disaster risk reduction and environmental sustainability.