Yabancı dil öğrenimi
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Ortaokul öğrencilerinin bilişüstü farkındalıkları ile yabancı dil öğrenme kaygıları arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi
Bu araştırmanın amacı 8. sınıf öğrencilerinin bilişüstü farkındalıkları ve yabancı dil öğrenme kaygıları arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemektir. Ayrıca ortaokul öğrencilerinin bilişüstü farkındalıkları ve yabancı dil öğrenme kaygıları cinsiyet, okul statüsü, anne ve babanın öğrenim düzeyi, İngilizce dersine çalışma süreleri ve akademik başarı değişkenlerine göre ele alınmıştır. Nicel araştırma yöntemlerinden olan ilişkisel tarama modeline uygun tasarlanmıştır. Araştırma, 2020-2021 eğitim öğretim yılında Aydın ilinin Kuşadası ilçesindeki öğrenim görmekte olan 538 ortaokul öğrencisinin katılımıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Veri toplama aracı olarak "Kişisel Bilgi Formu", "Bilişüstü Farkındalık Ölçeği" ve "Yabancı Dil Öğrenme Kaygısı Ölçeği" kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın verilerin çözümlenmesinde betimsel istatistikler, ikili ve çoklu karşılaştırma istatistikleri ve çoklu regresyon analizi teknikleri kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın sonuçlarına göre öğrencilerin bilişüstü farkındalıkları yüksek düzeydedir. Öğrencilerin bilişüstü farkındalıkları okulun statüsüne ve anne ve babanın öğrenim durumuna göre anlamlı farklılık göstermezken cinsiyet, ders çalışma süresi ve akademik başarı değişkenlerine göre anlamlı farklılaşmaktadır. Öğrencilerin yabancı dil öğrenme kaygısı orta düzeydedir. Öğrencilerin yabancı dil öğrenme kaygılarının cinsiyet, okul statüsü, anne ve babanın öğrenim durumu, ders çalışma süresi ve akademik başarı değişkenlerine göre anlamlı düzeyde farklılaşma gösterdiği saptanmıştır. Araştırmada bilişüstü farkındalık ve yabancı dil öğrenme kaygısı arasında düşük düzeyde negatif yönde anlamlı ilişki bulunmuştur. Bilişüstü farkındalığın bilişin bilgisi boyutunun yabancı dil öğrenme kaygısını hem genel olarak hem de alt boyutlar bazında düşük düzeyde yordadığı belirlenmiştir. Anahtar kelimeler: bilişüstü farkındalık, yabancı dil öğrenme kaygısı, ortaokul öğrencileri
The effect of task-induced involvement load on incidental vocabulary acquisition among ELT students
Vocabulary knowledge is at the heart of language learning as both comprehending and producing messages depend on knowing words. Second/foreign language learners need to acquire a great deal of vocabulary in a limited time to be successful in nearly all aspects of the target language Therefore, a large body of research has been devoted to investigating the best ways to help learners in their endeavour. In recent years, incidental acquisition of vocabulary has been found to be beneficial in expanding vocabulary knowledge. In this regard, how incidental vocabulary can be promoted is an intensely investigated subject. Incidental vocabulary acquisition through reading texts has been found to be facilitated by additional vocabulary tasks drawing the learners' attention to specific words. Therefore, designing the best vocabulary tasks has been an important issue for teachers. In order to address this concern, Laufer and Hulstijn (2001) proposed the Task-induced Involvement Load Hypothesis positing that the absence or presence of three components (evaluation, search and need) in a task determines the overall involvement load level induced by the task. Evaluation is related to learners' judgement on whether a specific word fits into a context. Search explains whether the meanings of words are searched by consulting dictionaries or other sources. Need is the motivational dimension of the construct and explains whether the drive to learn the word is extrinsically or intrinsically exposed. Using the framework of Laufer and Hulstijn (2001), this study aims to investigate the effect of four vocabulary tasks with varying distributions of evaluation, search and need components on incidental vocabulary gain and retention. The subjects were 139 first year ELT students from eight intact classes taking Academic Reading Course in the fall semester of 2015-2016. The subjects were assigned to four groups randomly: fill-in with glossary, fill-in by searching, retelling with glossary and retelling by searching. Two different texts were designed for four tasks. Each text contained 10 target words accompanied by reading comprehension questions. Prior to the implementation of the tasks, the participants' familiarity with the target words was tested through a pre-test which required providing the L1 equivalent or English explanations of the target words. The groups were to complete the reading comprehension tasks and the vocabulary tasks they were assigned to. The fill-in groups completed the gaps in the text with the target words, with or without glossary. The retelling groups wrote their own versions of the text by incorporating the target words, with or without glossary. Once the tasks were completed, the worksheets were collected and an unannounced post-test similar to the pre-test was administered. Similarly, two weeks later, an unannounced delayed post-test was conducted. For marking, each correct answer was counted as 1 and the incorrect ones as 0. Partially correct answers were awarded 0.5 point. The comparison of the groups on immediate and delayed post-tests using one-way ANOVAs showed that the tasks with higher level of involvement load yielded higher vocabulary gain and retention. However, the only significant differences were between retelling by searching and fill-in groups on the delayed post-test, which provided partial support for the Task-induced involvement load hypothesis. Keywords: incidental vocabulary acquisition, involvement load level, task-induced involvement load, vocabulary gain and retention, vocabulary tasks
Konuşma becerisinde dil kaygısını rol yapma tekniği ile azaltma/yenme: Anadolu Üniversitesi Fransızca yabancı dil öğrencileri ile bir uygulama
Bu çalışmanın çıkış noktası, Fransızca yabancı dil öğrencilerinin konuşma dersinde yaşadıkları dil kaygısıdır. Bu çalışma Fransızca yabancı dil öğrencilerinin kaygı düzeyini ve nedenlerini belirlemeyi ve var olan bu kaygıyı uygun bir öğretim tekniği ile azaltmayı hedeflemektedir. Bunu gerçekleştirebilmek için bir grup çalışması olan, öğrencilere daha yaratıcı, daha aktif ve daha fazla motive olma imkânı tanıyan rol yapma tekniğine başvurulmuştur. Çalışmanın örneklemini, Anadolu Üniversitesi 2012-2013 Öğretim yılı Fransızca Öğretmenliği Programı'nda Konuşma Becerileri dersine kayıtlı 17 birinci sınıf öğrencisi oluşturmaktadır. Veriler, nicel ve nitel veri toplama yöntemleri kullanılarak elde edilmiştir. Örneklemin uygulama öncesi ve sonrası konuşma kaygı düzeyini belirlemek için bir yabancı dil konuşma kaygı ölçeği (FLSAS) uygulanmış ve akademik başarıyı ölçmek için konuşma sınavı yapılmıştır. Uygulamanın ardından, rol yapma tekniğinin konuşma kaygısı üzerindeki etkilerini belirlemek ve uygulamaya ilişkin öğrencilerin fikirlerini öğrenmek için 17 öğrenciye yarı yapılandırılmış bir mülakat uygulanmıştır. Çalışmanın nitel ve nicel verileri, 8 hafta süren rol yapma tekniği uygulanmasının öğrencilerin konuşma kaygısı üzerinde anlamlı bir fark yarattığı sonucunu ortaya çıkarmıştır. Öntest ve sontest sonuçları karşılaştırıldığında öğrencilerin kaygı düzeyinde bir azalma olduğu ve rol yapma tekniği ile gerçekleştirilen konuşma derslerinden sonra akademik başarıda bir artış olduğu görülmüştür. Mülakat analizlerine göre rol yapma tekniği, konuşma kaygısını yok etmede önemli bir rol oynamıştır. Ayrıca, daha yaratıcı bir öğrenme ortamı oluşmasına, öğrencilerin diğer dil becerilerini geliştirmesine ve kültürel etkileşimin sağlanmasına yardımcı olmuştur. En önemlisi de, bu uygulama öğrencilerin toplum önünde kendilerini daha iyi ifade edebilmesi, özgüvenini kazanması, daha cesaretli olması konusunda katkı sağlamıştır. Anahtar sözcükler: Dil kaygısı, konuşma kaygısı, konuşma becerisi, rol yapma tekniği
Foreign language learning anxiety of high school students in Kosovo
Second language learning is a complex process. Learning the vocabulary and grammar structures, even developing the necessary skills for communication may not be enough. You also need to learn about the culture of the foreign language. While this might be found enjoyable for some students, others might find the process threatening and may experience anxiety in the language classroom. Anxiety has a great negative effect on learning a foreign language. This study investigated the degree of foreign language classroom anxiety of Turkish High School Students in Kosovo. Moreover, it aims to find out if there are any differences between the anxiety levels of the learners in terms of their achievement in the foreign language, knowing more than one language and type of high school. This study was conducted with 169 learners of English in four different high school contexts; Technical High School, The High School of Economics, Medical High School and Science High School with 169 students. All of them were the first grade students. The data collected through Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale (FLCAS) questionnaire were statistically analyzed to identify students' anxiety levels. The questionnaire was administered to the subjects in their regular class hours in different school settings. Their mid-term grades were gained from their class teachers to identify the relationship between their level of anxiety and their success measured by their course grades. The relationship between learners' anxiety and their language background and their education context was also analyzed statistically. The analysis of the results revealed that students learning English generally experience a moderate level of language anxiety. No significant relationship was identified between students' foreign language anxiety scores and their level of success, between being monolingual and multilingual. Their educational context and their level of anxiety did not correlate either. According to the results of the study, foreign language anxiety cannot be considered a negative psychological phenomena in Kosovo. Keywords: Foreign language anxiety, achievement, language background, educational background
Impact of peer feedback on EFL learners' foreign language writing anxiety and their ideas about peer feedback
The present study aims at researching the impact of peer feedback on foreign language writing anxiety experienced by Turkish prep school students studying EFL and their opinions about peer feedback. To achieve these aims, the participants in the experimental group got training on peer feedback, gave and received peer feedback for nine weeks. 120 participants in both control and experimental groups responded to Second Language Writing Anxiety Inventory (SLWAI) at the beginning and end of the study. Besides, 15 participants from the experimental group were interviewed about their thoughts regarding peer feedback and its impact on foreign language writing anxiety. The study revealed that training and practices on giving and receiving peer feedback had a significant impact on decreasing foreign language writing anxiety. The present study highlighted the idea that peer feedback practice needs to be a well-planned implementation supported with a continuous learner training on how to give peer feedback effectively and efficiently. For the participants in the present study, getting and giving peer feedback was helpful in feeling more relaxed and self-confident as they realized that their peers do similar mistakes and have similar worries during writing. As a conclusion, training and practices on peer feedback have the potential to lead learners to believe that they can be successful by reducing foreign language writing anxiety and increasing their awareness about EFL writing.
Contribution of L2 morphological awareness to passage-level l2 reading comprehension above and beyond vocabulary knowledge, grammar knowledge and reading strategy use among intermediate-level adult Turkish EFL learners
The primary objective of the present study was to investigate to what extent intermediate-level adult Turkish EFL learners are aware of lexical and grammatical functions of certain suffixes in English. The study further aimed at exploring the unique contribution of L2 morphological awareness to passage-level L2 reading comprehension above and beyond such reading-related factors as vocabulary knowledge, grammar knowledge and reading strategy use among intermediate-level adult Turkish EFL learners. With these purposes, the data were collected from a total of 87 EFL learners through a number of testing instruments. These instruments consist of reading comprehension, vocabulary knowledge and grammar knowledge subtests of the proficiency exam that Anadolu University School of Foreign Languages (AUSFL) administered at the end of 2014-2015 fall semester, Turkish version of Survey of Reading Strategies (SORS) by Sheorey and Mokhtari (2002) and the two-section Morphological Awareness Test (MAT), designed by the researcher with some adaptation from Mahony (1993) for the current study. The data were analysed using a number of statistical procedures. The first research question, which is about exploring to what extent intermediate-level adult Turkish EFL learners are aware of lexical and grammatical functions of certain suffixes in English, was answered by means of descriptive statistics, paired samples t-test and one-way ANOVA with repeated measures. The second research question, which is about the unique contribution of morphological awareness to reading comprehension above and beyond vocabulary knowledge, grammar knowledge and reading strategy use, was responded through hierarchical multiple regression and bivariate regression analyses. Additionally, semi-structured interviews were conducted with a smaller group of the participants to support the data gathered from the quantitative data collection instruments of the present study. The results of the study revealed that intermediate-level adult Turkish EFL learners show at least moderate awareness of English word morphology. It was also found that the participants could judge whether a morphologically complex word comes from a simple word better than they identified the lexical and grammatical functions of certain derivational suffixes in English. Moreover, suffix categories and each suffix in each category used in the present study affected the participants' performance. The results further revealed that L2 morphological awareness does not make a direct contribution to L2 reading comprehension among intermediate-level adult Turkish EFL learners either along with or above and beyond vocabulary knowledge, grammar knowledge and reading strategy use. However, further analysis revealed that morphological awareness might make an indirect contribution to L2 reading comprehension via its direct contribution to L2 vocabulary knowledge. Additionally, the semi-structured interviews displayed that intermediate-level adult Turkish EFL learners are likely to benefit from word morphology in foreign language learning. The findings were discussed with regard to the previous research, and implications and suggestions for further research were offered. Key words: Intra-word structure, word morphology, morphological awareness, L2 reading comprehension, Turkish EFL learners.
Yabancı dil öğrenen dijital yerlilerin Web 2.0 araçlarını kullanma düzeylerinin belirlenmesi: Bir durum çalışması
Bu araştırmanın temel amacı, dijital yerlilerin yabancı dil öğrenme süreçlerinde Web 2.0 araçlarını kullanma düzeylerini bağlantıcılık ve bilişsel çoklu ortam öğrenme kuramları doğrultusunda incelemektir. Elde edilen bulguların yüz yüze ve uzaktan eğitim veren kurumlara ve öğretenlere dijital yerlileri ve onların öğrenme stratejilerini daha yakından tanıma imkânı verebileceği düşünülmektedir. Enformasyon çağında bilgiye erişimin her an her yerde mümkün olması dijital öğrenen neslin öğrenme yöntemlerini de hızla değiştirmiştir. Bu bağlamda, bütün bu kolaylıklar ve gelişmeler iletişimi, iletişim için ise ortak bir dil (linguafranca) öğrenme zorunluluğu doğurmuştur. Bu çağda hemen hemen her anlamda hayatımızı kolaylaştıran Web 2.0 araçları hem öğrenme hem de öğretme ortamlarında da insanların hayatını kolaylaştırmaktadır. Dijital yerliler, Web 2.0 araçlarına ve dijital medya araçlarına bağımlı bir şekilde yaşamaktadırlar. Web 2.0 araçlarına oldukça hâkim olan dijital nesil, bu yetileri sayesinde sınırsız bilgiye ve açık kaynaklara ulaşabilmektedir. Web 2.0 araçlarının yabancı dil öğretiminde yaygınlaşarak kullanılması, öğreten ve öğrenenler için bilgiye kısa sürede ulaşma olanakları, sınıf içi ve dışı etkileşimlerde bulunma imkânları sağlamıştır. Nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden durum çalışması ile desenlenmiş bu çalışmada veri toplama aracı olarak yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme, gözlem ve belge analizi teknikleri kullanılmıştır. Araştırma kapsamında ulaşılan sonuçlar, alanyazın ile paralellik göstermekte ve yabancı dil öğrenen dijital yerlilerin bu süreçte Web 2.0 araçlarını sıklıkla kullandıklarını, içerik oluşturma ve bu içerikleri ağ bağlantıları ile paylaşma konusunda istekli ve pratik olduklarını göstermektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Web 2.0 araçları, dijital yerliler, yabancı dil öğrenme, bağlantıcılık,bilişsel çoklu ortam öğrenme kuramı
The effects of arcs motivational model on student motivation to learn English
The present study was designed to examine the effects of ARCS motivational model (Keller, 2010) on students' motivation and to identify the perspectives of the students related to activities and the teacher behavior that motivates them. For this purpose, ARCS motivational model strategies were inserted to the instructional design via detailed lesson plans and these plans were applied throughout ten weeks. To find out the effects of ARSC model data were collected using two scales. These scales were Course Interest Survey (CIS) and Instructional Materials Motivation Survey (IMMS) by John Keller, and they were administered to a sampling of 30 preparatory school students at Namik Kemal University before and after the application of lesson plans. To examine the effects of ARCS motivational model on students' motivation CIS and IMMS results were evaluated using Paired Samples t-test. The results of Course Interest Survey indicated a significant increase since students showed higher course motivation based on the overall CIS results at the end of the study. The Course Interest Survey items were evaluated in terms of each ARCS category and a significant difference was observed in all scales. The results showed that the ARCS model inserted language instruction had positive influence on students' course motivation in all categories. To examine the effects of ARCS strategies on increasing students' motivation in terms of instructional materials the Instructional Materials Motivation Survey results were evaluated. A paired samples t-test yielded a significant difference in students' instructional motivation scores. For a deeper understanding, two subscales of IMMS were assessed separately to identify the difference in mean scores and whether the instructional materials based on ARCS strategies were implemented into the classroom instruction successfully. The results revealed significant differences in both subscales. Students' instructional materials motivation increased. Students' comments that were collected through weekly comments sheet also supported statistical data obtained through both CIS and IMMS. The second purpose of the study was to identify course design features that motivated students most. For this reason, students were asked to write weekly comments sheet and to comment on the effectiveness of the instruction and the type of instructional materials and activities motivated them during the class hour. These were collected by the instructor at the last lesson of each week. Students reported that extra materials such as info-gap, problem solving, picture description, picture and sentence matching etc. activities increased their motivation. Especially vocabulary teaching activities supported with games, listening practices such as songs and videos were suggested as highly motivating. Activities that required learner participation such as pair works, group activities, competitions and games were considerably effective in increasing student motivation. Moreover, activities that allowed students use their creativity and their own ideas were other motivating course design features. Besides class materials, instructor behavior was indicated as relatively motivating. Polite, energetic, enthusiastic, caring instructor behaviors were reported as effective in increasing students' motivation to the lesson. Furthermore, providing constructive feedback, giving verbal praise and providing rewards for accomplishing a difficult task or showing effort were other motivating instructor behaviors. In addition, students reported that frequent student-instructor communication helped them focus their lesson and increased their motivation. KEY WORDS: ARCS Motivational Model, CIS, IMMS, Motivation
A scale of Turkish preparatory school university students' demotivational factors towards learning English
The present study aims to develop and validate a survey instrument to measure university preparatory school students' demotivation levels as well as investigating the sources of demotivation. In accordance with measuring students' demotivational level, the items of this survey are developed based on a review of literature on student motivation/demotivation and the content analysis of compositions written by students learning English at a preparatory school. 32 items are included in the survey titled 'A Scale of Turkish Preparatory School University Students' Demotivational Factors Towards Learning English', which was administered to 206 university preparatory school students in Eskişehir, Turkey. The data were submitted to the internal consistency analysis to determine reliability of the instrument and confirmatory factor analysis to validate the scale. The results showed the construct of preparatory school students' demotivation is multi-dimensional with four factors including personal reasons, past experiences, features of preparatory school program and the form of instruction. After the validation procedures, the data were collected online from 1105 students in various preparatory school programs in Turkey. The findings yielded that proficiency level had a significant effect on students' demotivational levels, and also a significant relationship was found between university type and demotivation deriving from past experiences and features of preparatory school program. As a result, by considering the overall findings of the current study, it might be suggested that awareness of demotivating factors and sources of demotivation need to be raised for the language learners as well as their teachers and program developers. Keywords: Motivation, Demotivation, Sources of demotivation, Demotivating factors,Scale validation.
Perceptions of elt students related to learner autonomy in language learning
This study mainly aims to investigate the perceptions of ELT students related to Learner Autonomy in language learning. 73 male and 139 female students, a total of 212 students, participate in the study. A questionnaire is applied in order to identify the perceptions of ELT students related to Learner Autonomy in language learning. The questionnaire is prepared in four main parts: one of them is for background information of the participants and the other three parts are for their perceptions of ELT learners related to responsibilities, abilities, and activities on learner autonomy. In addition, in order to support the quantitative data, and to have a deeper understanding of the perceptions of ELT students, a total of 20 students, five students from each class, are interviewed. The findings gathered are analyzed according to the year of the study (from 1st year to 4th year) and gender of the participants. Mean, independent samples t- tests and One- Way ANOVAs are used for analyzing the quantitative data. Content analysis is done for the qualitative data and the findings of the qualitative data are organized according to the participants' year of study and gender. The results indicate that there are not any statistically significant differences between male and female students in terms of the perceptions of learners related to responsibilities, abilities, and activity choices. In addition, although there are statistically significant differences between the genders in terms of the perceptions of learners related to abilities and activity choices on learner autonomy, both genders have similar perceptions related to responsibilities of learners. The findings gathered from the qualitative data are in line with the findings of the quantitative data. The participants mainly state similar responsibilities, abilities and activities in terms of their year of study. In addition, qualitative data reveal that although both female and male participants give importance to the similar perceptions related to responsibilities, abilities, and activities on learner autonomy, they state different reasons regarding the perceptions of learners related to responsibilities, abilities, and activities. Additionally, participants utter some definitions related to learner autonomy and they prove how versatile the notion of learner autonomy is. Keywords: Learner Autonomy, Year of Study, Gender.
Üniversite hazırlık sınıf öğrencileri ve özel dil okulu öğrencilerinin yabancı dil öğrenme stratejileri ve öz düzenleme becerileri
Bu araştırmanın amacı, üniversite hazırlık sınıfı ve özel İngilizce kursu öğrencilerinin dil öğrenme stratejileri kullanımlarını ve öz düzenleyici öğrenme becerilerini okul türü, cinsiyet, kur düzeyi, mezun olunan lise türü, ortaöğretim alanı ve yaş değişkenlerine göre incelemektir. Araştırmaya Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Yabancı Diller Yüksekokulundan 293 ve Aydında bulunan özel dil kurslarından 129 olmak üzere toplam 422 öğrenci katılmıştır. Araştırmada dil öğrenme stratejilerini belirlemek amacıyla Oxford (1990) tarafından geliştirilen ve Cesur ve Fer (2007) tarafından Türkçeye uyarlanan Dil Öğrenme Stratejileri Envanteri ve öz düzenleme becerilerini belirlemek amacıyla da Turan (2009) tarafından geliştirilen Öz Düzenleyici Öğrenme Becerileri Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Dil Öğrenme Stratejileri Envanteri için doğrulayıcı, Öz Düzenleyici Öğrenme Becerileri Ölçeği için ise hem açımlayıcı hem de doğrulayıcı faktör analizi yapılmıştır. Ayrıca araştırmanın nitel verileri araştırmacılar tarafından hazırlanmış, görüşme formu ile toplanmıştır. Araştırmanın nicel verilerinin analizinde SPSS 21.0 (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) programından faydalanılmış ve nitel verilerin analizinde ise içerik analizi yapılmıştır. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre, öğrencilerin dil öğrenme stratejileri kullanımlarının ve öz düzenleme becerilerinin orta düzeyde olduğu görülmüştür. Özel kurs öğrencilerinin hem dil öğrenme stratejileri kullanımlarının hem de öz düzenleme becerilerinin hazırlık sınıfı öğrencilerine göre daha üst düzeyde olduğu belirlenmiştir. Öğrencilerin dil öğrenme stratejileri kullanımlarının yaş, İngilizce kullanma sıklığı, kur düzeyi ve ortaöğretim alanı değişkenlerine; öz düzenleme becerilerinin ise cinsiyet ve yaş değişkenine göre istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir şekilde farklılaştığı tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca dil öğrenme stratejileri ile öz düzenleme becerileri arasında pozitif yönde yüksek bir ilişki olduğu saptanmıştır. Son olarak hazırlık sınıfı ve özel kurs öğrencileriyle birlikte öğretmenlerin yabancı dil öğrenme ve öğretme hakkındaki görüşlerine yer verilmiştir. ANAHTAR SÖZCÜKLER: Dil Öğrenme Stratejileri, Öz Düzenleme Becerileri,Yabancı Dil Öğrenimi, Özel Kurs Öğrencileri, Hazırlık Sınıfı Öğrencileri.
Türkçenin yabancı dil olarak öğretiminde otantik öğrenmenin dinleme becerisine etkisi
Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türkçenin yabancı dil olarak öğretiminde otantik öğrenmenin dinleme becerisine etkisini araştırmaktır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda verilerin toplanması, analizi, hipotezlerin kontrol edilmesi ve yorumlanmasında ön test-son test tek gruplu zayıf deneysel desenden faydalanılmıştır. Bu araştırma, İstanbul ilinde bulunan bir vakıf üniversitesindeki Türkçe Öğretim Merkezinde, B2 seviyesinde öğrenim gören toplam 22 öğrenciyle yapıldı. Araştırmada çalışma grubuna toplam sekiz hafta süren otantik öğrenmenin ilkeleri dikkate alınarak hazırlanmış dinleme etkinlikleri uygulanmıştır. Etkinliklerin uygulama öncesinde ve uygulama sonrasında ön test ve son test yapılmıştır. Araştırmada elde edilen nicel verilerin analizinde SPSS paket programından yararlanılmıştır. Shapiro- Wilk Testi uygulanarak dağılımın normalliği belirlenmiş, dağılımın çarpıklık ve basıklık değerleri dikkate alınarak da araştırmada parametrik testler kullanılmıştır. Araştırmada nicel olarak elde edilen veriler üzerinde yapılan istatistiksel analizler sonucunda, öğrencilerin dinlediğini anlama becerisi ön test ve son test sonuçlarında anlamlı düzeyde farklılık oluştuğu gözlemlenmiştir. Ayrıca çalışma grubunda bulunan öğrenciler farklı değişkenlere göre incelenmiştir. Bu değişkenlerde Türkiye'de bulunma sürelerine göre anlamlı bir fark bulunmuş, cinsiyet, yaş, ülke, ana dili, bildiği yabancı dil sayısı, faydalanılan kaynaklar ve en çok zorlanılan dil becerilerine göre incelenmiş ve anlamlı bir fark bulunmamıştır.
Anadili Arapça olmayanlara Arap dili öğretiminde dinleme becerisinin rolü
Bu çalışmada, dil öğretiminde dinleme becerisi ve bu becerinin ana dili Arapça olmayanlara Arapça öğretimindeki rolü ele alındı. Çalışmaya işitme duyusunun önemi, oluşum aşamaları, Kur'ân-ı Kerim ve hadis-i şeriflerdeki yeri açıklanarak başlandı. Daha sonra dinleme becerisinin tanımına, doğasına, önemine ve diğer becerilerle olan ilişkisine yer verildi. Ardından dilsel düzeylere bağlı olarak bu becerinin amaçları açıklanıp yabancı dil öğretim teorilerindeki yerine değinildi. Dinleme becerisinin öğretiminde öğretmenin rolünün önemi üzerinde duruldu. Dinleme sürecinin şekil ve boyutları ihmal edilmeden bilinçli dinlemenin bileşenleri açıklanıp bu becerinin öğretimi için öneriler sunuldu. Dinlemeyi öğrenme stratejileri, strateji türleri, stratejinin yapısını etkileyen faktörler, strateji oluşturma teknikleri, strateji öğrenme adımları, stratejinin amacı ve stratejilere dayalı etkinliklerin özellikleri açıklanmaya çalışıldı. Ders planı ile müfredat hazırlayıcılarına, plan ve müfredatlarını hazırlarken katkı sağlayacağı ümit edilerek, stratejilerle birlikte tüm aşamaları ve detaylarıyla sesli eğitim materyallerinin hazırlanmasından bahsedildi. Daha sonra, dinleme becerisini öğretmek için, tüm teorik strateji ve kurallar - mümkün olduğunca - sınıf ortamına ve pratik hayata aktarılarak iki örnek ders planı sunuldu. Son olarak hem araştırmada bahsedilen hem de bahsedilmeyen bazı stratejiler kullanılarak, görsel (dizi seyretmeye dayalı) Arapça öğrenimi için alternatif bir program tasarımı sunuldu. Söz konusu program uygulamasında öğrencilerin Arapça öğrenimine ilişkin bilinen geleneksel yöntemlerden kaçınılıp Arapçayı hızlı ve kısa sürede öğrenebilmeleri için en güncel dilbilimsel teoriler dikkate alındı.
EFL university students' attitudes toward teacher feedback and its significance
Writing is one of the four essential skills of language and should be improved in the course of learning a language. To enable this improvement, students' progress in L2 and foreign language writing should be supported through agents including teachers, peers, interactive course books, and the internet. Writing in L2 may be regarded as a challenging task for many students, and thus they may not feel properly equipped to write in a foreign language. This hesitancy on the part of students can be overcome through teacher feedback. However, teacher feedback can also cause students to feel inadequate when writing in L2. This study investigated the attitudes of university students learning English as a Foreign Language (EFL) toward teacher feedback, and tried to ascertain these students' preferences for teacher feedback through questionnaires and interviews. The purpose of the study was to determine whether teacher feedback affects students' writing in L2, and to see whether there is a difference between male and female students' writing in L2. Moreover, this study aimed to determine what kinds of teacher feedback were preferred by the EFL university students. The outcomes of the analysis showed that a great number of the participants had a positive image of writing in L2 and receiving teachers' corrective feedback in L2 writing classes. It was also revealed that gender did not have a statistically significant effect on students' attitudes toward teacher feedback. Finally, our study discovered that most of the participants preferred implicit teacher feedback on the first draft, and expected explicit teacher feedback on the final draft. In conclusion, it can be said that teachers' corrective feedback does not slow the process of learning to write in English, and, furthermore, both male and female participants expect to receive teachers' corrective feedback. Key Words: Feedback, Writing Skill, Foreign Language Learning, Error Correction, Writing in L2
A study on the relationship between Turkish EFL learners' willingness to communicate in English, ambiguity tolerance and parental encouragement level
This study aims to investigate Turkish EFL learners' willingness to communicate, tolerance of ambiguity, and parental encouragement levels. Moreover, a possible link between tolerance of ambiguity and parental encouragement levels with willingness to communicate was explored in the study. The research sample consisted of 151 preparatory school students at Hasan Kalyoncu University. A mixed-method research design was preferred in this study as both qualitative and quantitative research methods were utilized. ''Willingness to Communicate Scale'' developed by McCroskey (1992), ''Second Language Tolerance of Ambiguity'' developed by Ely (1989), and ''Perceived Parental Encouragement Scale'' involved in ''Attitude/Motivation Test Battery'' developed by Gardner (1985) were used as data collection tools. SPSS 20.0 was operated to analyze the data obtained from the questionnaires. Frequencies, means, percentages, and standard deviations were calculated through this program. Moreover, independent samples t-test was utilized to detect whether there was a statistically significant difference relating to age, while one-way ANOVA was used to explore if there was a statistically significant difference relating language proficiency with willingness to communicate, tolerance of ambiguity, and parental encouragement levels. Apart from these, Pearson correlation was practiced to investigate the relationship between willingness to communicate, tolerance of ambiguity, and parental encouragement. Afterward, to detect the predictive power of tolerance of ambiguity and parental encouragement on willingness to communicate, multiple regression analysis was achieved. In the qualitative part of the study, 16 students who already took the quantitative part of the study were interviewed. The findings were examined through content analysis. According to the results, Turkish EFL learners showed high willingness to communicate, tolerance of ambiguity and, perceived parental encouragement. Besides, statistically significant results were found relating to the influence of age and gender. Furthermore, it was detected that tolerance of ambiguity and perceived parental encouragement predicted willingness to communicate positively. Finally, some linguistic, affective, contextual, individual factors and, self-perceived communicative competence were found to be influencing elements on learners' willingness to communicate. Moreover, some problems of tolerating ambiguity experienced by learners were detected.
Analysis of factors affecting refugee learners' attitudes towards learning languages: (A case study)
With the continuous conflicts and increasing waves of displacement the world is experiencing, refugees' necessity for stability grows. A significant factor to help fulfill this objective is learning languages, as they can open doors on the local and international levels. This study aims to investigate Syrian refugees' attitudes towards language learning in Turkey, offering a thorough description of this issue from the eyes of Syrians themselves. The study is conducted in Gaziantep city, south of Turkey, which hosts almost 450,407 Syrians since the beginning of the Syrian conflict in 2011. This descriptive study is based on a mixed-method approach in order to answer the research questions. For quantitative data, 399 participants between 18-45 filled a questionnaire specially designed for this study. For qualitative data, semi-structured interviews with a set of open-ended questions were conducted with 15 participants. Subsequently, the collected data was analyzed with the assistance of IBM SPSS 23. The analysis results of the quantitative and qualitative collected data demonstrated that Syrians' English language skills did not witness an improvement during their residency in Turkey, contrary to their Turkish skills; however, their overall proficiency in both languages is low. Besides, the results highlighted time and lack of practice opportunities as Syrians' most significant obstacles in learning languages. Moreover, the participants shared their opinions regarding the available courses and mentioned their need for tailored courses to meet their needs and levels. The results were concluded with the participants' views in terms of the way they see the advantages of learning languages which, according to them, included better integration as well as job and education opportunities. Keywords: Syrian refugees, factors, attitudes, language learning, obstacles, benefits.
Cezayir'de yabancı dil olarak Türkçe öğretenlerin ve öğrenenlerin eğitsel kısa film materyalinin öğrencilere sağladığı dilsel ve kültürel kazanımlara ilişkin görüşleri
Cezayir 2 Üniversitesinde yabancı dil olarak Türkçe öğrenen öğrencilerin ve öğreticilerin eğitsel kısa film materyalinin öğrencilere sağladığı dilsel ve kültürel kazanımlara ilişkin görüşlerinin belirlenmesine yönelik sorulara cevap arayan bu çalışma nicel desende bir tarama araştırmasıdır Çalışmanın evreni, Cezayir 2 Üniversitesinde Türkçe öğreten 22 öğretici ve bu üniversitede Türkçe öğrenen 100 öğrenciden oluşturmaktadır. Bu araştırmada, Cezayir'de yabancı dil olarak Türkçe öğrenenlerin film materyalinden yararlanma durumlarına ve bir dil öğrenme aracı olarak film materyalinin dil gelişimine ve kültür vii aktarımına katkısına ilişkin görüşler belirlenmiştir Bu çalışmanın amacı; yabancı dil olarak Türkçe öğretim sürecinde film materyalinin yaygınlaşmasına, öğrencilerin dil yetilerinin gelişmesine, öğrencilerin Türk kültürünü daha iyi tanımalarına, yabancı dil olarak Türkçe öğretimi alanına bilimsel katkı sağlamaktır.
TRIZ as an innovative method in English language teaching to support learners' reading and writing skills
Learning English is important primarily because English is an international language. In addition, English plays an important role in educational contexts and serves as a gateway to the world. Education is a process that enables students to both acquire knowledge and develop their creative thinking skills. The aim of this study is to investigate the benefits of implementing TRIZ, which is an innovative method in foreign language teaching, in English lessons to improve students' writing and reading skills. TRIZ is an innovative method of problem-solving that tries to make students' minds more flexible and creative. An experimental group and a control group were compared within the framework of a quasi-experimental research design. In the experimental group, English lessons, reshaped within the framework of TRIZ, an innovative teaching method, were held for two months. In the control group, any teaching activities shaped within the framework of the TRIZ method were not carried out. A pre-test and a post-test were used to analyze the effectiveness of the TRIZ method on students' writing and reading skills and to compare the experimental and control groups. In addition, observations (students' interactions with the teacher and their views on the teaching method used) were made to evaluate the participants in both classes and to compare their similarities and differences. The findings of the present study revealed that TRIZ can be used effectively to teach English in an innovative way, students in the experimental group were more engaged and performed better than the control group. The students who were taught English within the framework of the TRIZ method showed higher performance in reading and writing skills than the students in the control group who did not take the English lessons reshaped within the TRIZ method. In addition, the fact that the students in the experimental group developed their writing skills more than their reading skills revealed the effectiveness of the TRIZ method in improving their writing skills. Moreover, the TRIZ method has been found to be beneficial not only in increasing students' test performance but also in improving their communication skills. In summary, within the framework of this research, it was concluded that the application of the TRIZ method in English lessons improves students' reading and writing skills and can help bring an innovative perspective to English Language Teaching. Keywords: TRIZ, TRIZ Method, TRIZ Principles, Reading and Writing Skills, Innovation, Problem-solving.
Türkçe öğrenen Türk soylu öğrencilerin hazırlıksız konuşmalarına yönelik yanlış çözümlemesi
Ana dili veya yabancı dil öğretimi dört temel beceri üzerine kuruludur. Bu beceriler kazanım sırasına göre şu şekildedir: Dinleme, konuşma, okuma ve yazma. Gündelik hayatta iletişim kurmadaki etkisi nedeniyle konuşma becerisi bir adım öne çıkmaktadır. Buna rağmen ilgili alan yazında konuşma becerisinin en az önemsenen ve üzerinde en az çalışma yapılan dil becerilerinden biri olduğu belirtilmektedir. Konuşma sırasında yapılan yanlışlar, bu becerinin nitelikli bir biçimde kazandırılmasının önündeki önemli bir engeldir. Türkçe öğrenen Türk soylular da hedef dil ile kendi dilleri arasındaki benzerlikten kaynaklanan etkenler nedeniyle konuşma sırasında yanlışlar yapmaktadır. Türk soyluların konuşmaları sırasında değişik sebeplerle yaptıkları yanlışları belirlemek, dil öğretiminin etkili ve nitelikli bir şekilde gerçekleştirilebilmesi açısından büyük bir önem taşımaktadır. Araştırmada nitel desende içerik analizi yönteminden yararlanılmıştır. Bu bağlamda araştırmada, Çukurova ve Sakarya Üniversitesi TÖMER'de B1 düzeyinde öğrenim gören 114 Türk soylu öğrenci araştırmaya gönüllü olarak katılmıştır. Söz konusu öğrencilerin hazırlıksız konuşma sırasında yaptıkları yanlışları tespit etmek amacıyla uzman görüşünden hareketle kontrol listesinden seçilen bir konu üzerine öğrencilerin hazırlıksız konuşma yapmaları sağlanmış ve ses kayıtları alınmıştır. Bu ses kayıtları transkript edilerek yapılan yanlışlar tespit edilmiş; bu yanlışlar temalara, kategorilere ve kodlara ayrılmıştır. Araştırmanın bulguları, Türk soyluların "dil bilgisel", "söz dizimsel" ve "kod karıştırma" olmak üzere 3 tür yanlış yaptıklarını ortaya koymuştur.
The integration of TRIZ method in English language teaching and learning
The educational systems have started to give a higher focus on English language teaching and learning because of its widespread dissemination in many countries around the world. TRIZ is one of the most important teaching methods that helps the development of students' study skills and stimulates their creative thinking. The purpose of this thesis is to illustrate how the TRIZ method can be used to teach and learn English. A quasi-experimental research design was utilized to demonstrate the consequences of integrating TRIZ into English language teaching and learning. The participants of this study were four classes of sixth-grade students at 23 Nisan Middle School in Uşak, Turkey. Two of these classes were assigned as the experimental group, while the other two classes were determined as the control group. Each group had 48 students. The pre-test of Macmillan Academy Stars was administered for both groups, and then the experimental groups were taught using lesson plans based on TRIZ principles, while the control groups kept using the usual way of learning English. After two months of instruction, the same test was administered as a post-test to both groups in order to compare their results. The results of the study were examined using the SPSS statistical analysis program, and the results showed that both groups had improved their performance; however, the experimental groups did much better than the control groups. Within the framework of this study, data were obtained to support the use of TRIZ in sixth-grade English lessons and the benefits that it offers to students. The present research also shows how important it is for teachers of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) to incorporate TRIZ into their lessons to assist students in developing their creative abilities and learning new information in novel ways. These novel ways keep students interested in learning and encourage both participation and innovative thought. Keywords: TRIZ, TRIZ Method, TRIZ Principles, English Language Teaching, Creative Thinking.
Analysing attitudes of middle school students towards the English language
This study attempts to identify the attitudes of middle school students towards English, including intensive foreign language classes. It also aims to find out differences between students' attitudes and their grades, demographic information, and achievement. Lastly, expressing the reasons behind the negative attitudes towards English is another attempt of this current study. This particular research has been conducted with 209 (male= 105; female=104) students from 3 different secondary schools at Darende, Malatya, Turkey, during the 2018/2019 academic year. Quantitative and qualitative data have been gathered; in other words, a mixed-method has been used. For quantitative data Gardner's Attitude / Motivation Test Battery has been utilised. That instrument has been adapted into Turkish version. Additionally, a semi-structured interview has been conducted with 20 volunteer participants. Data have been analysed via IBM's SPSS and content analysis technique. Results of this particular study have indicated that state secondary school students from fifth, intensive foreign language fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth grades have a moderate level of attitudes towards English with a mean of 3.57. It has been found out that there is a statistically significant difference between students' grades and their attitudes towards English. Intensive foreign language fifth-grade students have shown highest level of positive attitudes towards English. When it is compared with the normal fifth grades, intensive foreign language fifth grades have more positive attitudes towards English. Results have presented that there are not any statistically significant differences between gender, students' family income level and attitudes. However, there is a statistically significant difference between students' taking supportive courses and attitudes. Students who are taking supportive and training courses have shown higher positive attitudes. Additionally, study results have revealed that when students' end-year marks are raising, their attitudes are increasing too. Finally, results have shown that factors such as comprehension, difficulty of lesson, pronunciation and spelling, teacher behaviours, fear of making mistakes, discomfort, and social value of English in Turkey are provoking factors for negative attitudes towards English. This study shows the results in details and provides some interpretations and implications for language education in Turkey.
English speaking anxiety level of fifth grade students in a middle school in Van
This study aims to analyse the speaking anxiety of students at the fifth grade intensive foreign language classrooms by comparing with regular fifth grades, and it intends to investigate whether there are any changes between the beginning and the end of the academic year in terms of speaking anxiety. It also aims to analyse the speaking anxiety level differences according to demographical information. Lastly, this study attempts to determine the anxiety provoking factors and possible ways for coping with them. This research was conducted with 149 fifth grade students studying at a state middle school, and 5 language teachers working at the same school during 2018/2019 academic year in Van, Turkey. Designed as an explanatory sequential mixed method research, the quantitative data were obtained from students via a scale, and then the qualitative data were gathered from both students and teachers by a semi-structured interview. The quantitative data were analysed by Mann Whitney U, Kruskal Wallis, Spearman's rank correlation tests on SPSS v.23, whereas the qualitative data were examined by content analysis. The present study revealed that fifth grade students feel anxious at a moderate level, and students of intensive foreign language classrooms are found less anxious than regular ones. Also, some other significant differences were found in terms of gender, age, supportive courses, family income level, and English achievement scores of the previous year. On the other hand, both types of classrooms did not show significant changes in terms of both academic terms in themselves. Lastly, some anxiety provoking factors and ways for coping with them were presented. As a consequence, the research had implications for language teachers both to help students reduce their anxiety and to make the classroom environment more stress-free.
Language learning strategies employed by postgraduate students of social sciences and basic / applied sciences at YADIM
This study is designed to identify individual metacognitive, cognitive and social/affective strategies of postgraduate students of social sciences and basic/applied sciences who study English at YADIM (Centre for Foreign Languages) at Çukurova University. Moreover, the possible differences in the strategy type and strategy amount between the two groups are also main interest of this study. Forty postgraduate students of social sciences and forty postgraduate students of basic/applied sciences were randomly selected. A strategy inventory questionnaire with close ended items and a standard language proficiency test were administered. The data was collected in two phases and no treatment will be given to the students who participate in this study. The data was analyzed by means of chi-square values calculated on the SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences). Key words: Language Learning Strategies, Learning Strategies, Metacognitve Strategies, Cognitive Strategies, Social/Affective Strategies.
Vocabulary learning strategies employed by preparatory class students at Adana Anatolian Teacher training high school
This study aims to identify vocabulary learning strategies which are known by preparatory class students attending Adana Anatolian Teacher Training High School. Moreover, the second purpose of this study is to observe to what extent students can employ the vocabulary learning strategies they are aware of. In this study, a VLS questionnaire prepared by Marin and think-aloud protocols were used with 90 participants from the preparatory classes of Anatolian Teacher Training High School. After the VLS was completed by the participants, ten students were selected by the researcher for think-aloud protocols. The data obtained from VLS questionnaire were analysed in five categories: determination strategies, social strategies, cognitive strategies, memory strategies and metacognitive strategies. The frequencies and percentages were computed and shown in tables. Then, the protocols of ten students were transcribed and strategies used by the participants were grouped in a taxonomy. The findings of this study indicate that the participants are not successful enough to employ the vocabulary learning strategies which they believe that they know. Key Words: Vocabulary Learning Strategies, Cognitive Strategies, Metacognitive Strategies, Social Strategies, Think-aloud