Industrialization policies and results of the Ottoman Empire in the 19th century

European states that adopted liberalism with the Industrial Revolution were successful in the process of industrialization. The Ottoman State, known for its centralist and controlling structure at various stages of economic life, could not create an economic climate suitable for the capital accumulation of the private sector and therefore for industrialization. In the process of industrialization in the Ottoman Empire, only statist moves did not allow the industrialization process to function in a healthy way. The Ottoman State, which did not have a suitable economic structure for industrialization, lagged behind Europe in industrialization. With the increase in production, Europe, which is in search of raw materials and cheap markets, has experienced a shortage of raw materials. In connection with this, Europe, which had entered into an economic crisis, received cheap raw materials from the Ottoman Empire. By marketing these raw materials to the world, Europe produced high value-added products and increased its capital accumulation. The Ottoman State, which continued its production activities even though it was not on a large scale, felt the lack of raw materials to be used in production after a while. The industry of the Ottomans, who could not fight against foreign goods with the commercial concessions given, came to the point of exhaustion. The Ottoman State even imported its basic needs and budget deficits occurred as a result of imports. With the budget deficits and the capitulations given to foreigners, the economy of the Ottoman Empire was dragged into an economic crisis that could not be overcome. As a result, the Ottoman Empire could not take the steps of industrialization as it wished and the industrialization efforts failed both due to its economic situation and as a result of the wrong decisions taken by the Ottoman bureaucracy. In the thesis study, the development of the industrialization efforts of the Ottoman Empire and the reasons for the success and failure of this development process have been examined with a critical approach.