The shādh in Arabic grammar

Before the emergence of Islam, Arabs spoke their language naturally without much interaction with other cultures. Before the emergence of Islam, the Arabs spoke their language in its pristine and natural form as their interaction with other nations was limited. However, with the spread of Islam, the influence of these cultures on the Arabic language accelerated as a result of the entry of different nations into Islam and led to the spread of language errors called lahn. When the lahn, which started to be seen in almost every segment of the society, spread to religious texts, Arabic linguists searched for a remedy. These searches aimed to protect the language from errors and Arabic grammar was developed. Arabic grammar has an unprecedented level of detail and depth, which has made it a complex structure. As a matter of fact, dozens of different views have been developed on each issue and a standardized structure that is accepted by all has not been designed. For this reason, Arabic linguists have considered the usages that contradict the rules adopted by both themselves and their schools as shādh. The shādh, which in the dictionary means left alone, abandoned, is a concept used for structures that do not comply with Arabic language rules. The schools have taken their own views and backgrounds as a basis when determining the shādh. This has led to the shādh being a subjective phenomenon that can vary from person to person. Therefore, whether or not a usage is shādh or not can often be determined by the tendencies of the schools. There is a serious difference in tendency between the Basra and Kufa schools in identifying shādh. The Basrans adopted a very strict attitude towards shādhes and excluded usages that did not conform to their linguistic rules. With this method, they aimed to standardize the Arabic language and minimize different usages. The Kufians, on the other hand, accepted most of the usages that were considered as shādh by the Basra school as evidence and built their language rules on these usages. Keywords: Arabic Grammar, Shādh, Irregular, Unconventional, Morphology, Syntax, Analogy, Basra, Kufa, Schools of Grammar.