Investigation of the toxic effect of some neonicotinoid insecticides with different rates of combinations of piperonyl butoxide on house fly (Musca domestica L.) in Antalya

The house fly (Musca domestica L.) is a synanthropic organism that can adapt to different ecological conditions. It causes some problems in the medical and veterinary fields. This insect is the vector of many disease pathogens and also causes stress in animals, resulting in loss of milk and meat yield. In house fly control, neonicotinoid insecticides are often preferred because they have rapid and high toxic effect on target organism. In recent years, developed resistance to neonicotinoid insecticides and their toxic effects on non-target organisms have been investigated in many regions of the world. Insecticide synergists are used to reducing the application rates of insecticides and to increase their effectiveness. Generally, synergistic agents act their activity by inhibiting the enzyme metabolism responsible for the detoxification process of insects. The aim of this thesis is to determine the toxic effects of four neonicotinoid insecticides (thiamethoxam, imidacloprid, acetamiprid, and dinotefuran) with combinations of synergistic agent, piperonyl butoxide (PBO) (1:0, 1:0,25, 1:0,5 and 1:1; neonicotinoid: PBO) on Alanya, Döşemealtı, Kemer, Kepez, Kumluca, Manavgat and Serik house fly strains collected from in Antalya. House flies were collected from the livestock farms with sweep nets. These insects brought to laboratory and they were cultured in 20x20x20 cm mesh cages. Biological efficacy of neonicotinoid and PBO combinations were performed on glass surface using F3 generations of M. domestica. Test groups were treated with neonicotinoid and PBO combinations for one hour and observed five-minute intervals to determine knock down (KD) rates. Insects were transferred to insecticide free jars after one hour exposure. Percent mortality values were recorded after twenty four hours. KD time (KDT) values were determined using Probit Analysis. Percent KDT and mortality values were analyzed in SPSS statistical program. All tests were carried out under 24±2 °C temperature, 60±5% humidity and 12 hours light and 12 hours dark photoperiod conditions. According to the results, PBO increased the toxic effects of neonicotinoid insecticides in all strains. As the PBO ratio increased in the tests, the knock down values decreased and the mortality values increased. The results show that the use of PBO in formulations that contain neonicotinoids can be used for reducing resistance to neonicotinoid insecticides.