The political, social, economic, architectural and cultural situation of Nisibis during the Byzantine Empire: IV.-X. centuries

Nisibis is an old and important city which its known history lay down until Assyrian period. This city, which was frequently said to be founded by Nemroud in classical sources, as a frontier city in Mesopotamia took an important and strategic role after Roman?s sovereignty. Firstly in BC 68 at Lucullus period Romans conquered the city of Nisibis. Subsequent periods it was one of the unshared land during the Part-Roman wars and in this process this city performed an important task as military base of Roman armies in Part-Roman border. After it was ceded to Sasanids in 363 Peace until Dara, the new fortificaiton city, was built in 507 Byzantine Empire lived a stagger process about during one and half century in the east border. After that date Byzantine Empire wasn?t able to get back to Nisibis from Sasanids, the rivals. After decline of Sasanids, Byzantines? new rival was Muslim Arabs and in 639 Nisibis was conquered by Muslims together with other Mesopotamian cities. Several attempts which was took place by Byzantine in X. century, resulted in short dominations.In the period of Byzantine Empire, Nisibis was a wide variety of social aspects and economic aspects of custom as the city has a trade route of Silk Road. Architecturally, military, religious and social architectural elements of classical Roman style was dominant over the city and its surrondings structures. Religiously, in the period of the Christian churches was divided into two parts, under the protection of Sasanids, Nisibis became the best important dyophysites center aganist the monophysites. Culturally, on the occasion of the academy was founded in the city, numerous important names distinguished itself in areas such as medicine, law, philosophy, logic, grammar and astronomygrew up specially among Assyrians. The names such as James of Nisibis, Ephraim, Pawlos, Narsai, Barsawmo, Baboy who were located in training staff of this academy, whether the treatises which have brought by translating to present days or their works wrote by them preserved and translated by Arabs, moved Europe through the the Crusades and thus the era of enlightment they performed an important task.Key Words: Nisibis, Dara, Mesopotamia, Byzantine Empire, Sasanid Empire, Justinian, Khosrau, Nisibis School, James of Nisibis, Ephraim, Narsai, Barsawmo, Pawlos