Effectively factors between geography and war: Sample of Dardanelles War

Human activities on location are the subject of study of geography. Just as the field of application of civil engineering is construction sites, the field of application of geography science is also on battlefields. Features of the geographical location, in shortly, "geopolitical" have important effects on the distribution of wars on earth. On the other hand, as a result of wars, both physical and human structures changes occur on the location. This study aims to reveal the geographic factors, the distribution of wars in the world, their role in preventing or supporting wars, their place and importance on the tactics applied in wars, their effect on the outcome of the war and the change that occurred on the location after the war. For this purpose, various sub problems were created and answers were sought. The research was shaped by the method of document analysis, and the observations obtained from the field study conducted on the Gallipoli battlefield and photographs taken from the field regarding the sub problems that were sought to be answered were used in the text. The main source of the study is historical texts, war records, memories of soldiers in wars and scientific historical texts. In this documents analysied ressearch, a large number of scientific texts, statistical records and historical documents about wars were examined, the data obtained were used to prove our views by associating them with the purpose and sub problems, and the maps were drawn to support the subject and visualized. Based on the transmitted scientific texts, maps were created in the GIS program or some maps were digitally renewed. As an example, the visuals obtained during the field study conducted in Gallipoli where the Battle of Gallipoli took place, were used. Virtually all wars are fought for domination of a particular location, including wars for underground and aboveground resources, propagation of religion, and wars for freedom. In the other hand Geographical features are also considered in determining the area where the war will take place. For example, if the land is rough or plain, it is a steppe or forest area, it is an entertaining area or a settlement. As a result of our research, it has been observed that the commanders who developed tactics to benefit from geographical factors, despite many disadvantages in world history, achieved victory. The famous commander Sun Tzu, who lived in China for B.C. 500 years, explains how to gain advantage from geographical features in wars in his book "Art of War". The strategies implemented by Mustafa Kemal, Cevat Pasha and other Turkish commanders in the Battle of Gallipoli and the War of Turkish National Independence depending on geographical factors changed the destiny of a nation. In summary can be said; Geographical information can save a country, change the destiny of a nation and change the course of history. It seems that some commanders and rulers in history paid the price of ignoring geographical factors. Napoleon in Russia; Emperor Cambyses in Nubia; Emperor Darius was defeated in Scythia, Emperor Croesus in Parthianla, after defeating "many armies", they were defeated by geographical conditions. As a result, physical and human geography elements have roles that prevent or support the parties of the war. These can affect the outcome of the war. Analyzing geographical factors well and making all preparations in accordance with these factors provides an advantage for an army. This is a fact; analyzing geography well and making good use of geographical factors can change the destiny of a nation in wars for the lives of people, the independence of countries and their important interests. In the study, historical examples are given to these cases. In the Battle of Gallipoli, geographical factors both constituted the cause of the war and prevented or supported opponents from time to time, and from time to time both sides determined their strategies according to these factors. As a result of the researches, it has been observed that geographical factors have important effects on the course of wars, the tactics applied and the result.