New protectionism policies in the world and Turkey

A number of rules are changing in foreign trade and lots of new policies are coming up. In the second half of the 18th century, either financial or non-financial ideas were put forward by the economists defending protectionism against the classical economists who defend liberal trade. Efforts for liberalisation of international trade were put forth with the sign of GATT in 1948. Following the energy crisis in 1973, the countries signed new protectionist policies by applying nontariff obstacles instead of the policies on liberalisation. After the economic crisis in 2008, the countries applied to new protectionist policies excessively with an instinct of protecting their economies. The most applied state measures after 2008 crisis period have emerged to us as trade protectionist measures ( anti-dumping, anti-subvention), subsidies, tariff and non-tariff measures, export taxes or restrictions, investments measures, immigration measures, export subventions, export financing and public procurements. The countries like China, European Union countries and U.S are the leading ones that are responsible for taking these measures. The G-20 leaders who defend avoiding protectionist measures are the ones who take 47 trade restricting measures after the crisis. However, in the wake of 2008 crisis, Turkey, despite not applied too many trade restrictions, made several changes. The most outstanding one among them is the given right of 15% price preference to domestic producers in the case of their joining in public procurements. It can be said that protectionism has returned back after the latest economic crisis. In our study, these new protectionist measures, which protectionist measures have been applied in G-20 countries and Turkey and on which sectors they have applied to have been studied. Key words: G20, New Protectionism, Foreign trade, GATT