The establishment of the caliphate and the relationships of the Bahrî Mamluks with caliphate between 1240-1350

Because the pre-Islamic Arab geography had a scattered structure it was not easy to ensure order there. Most of the implementations of the Prophet Muhammad was done in order to ensure unity and order within the Arab society. The prophet managed to create an atmosphere of calm among Arab society by bringing the tribes together to a good extent. However, following the death of the prophet, the Arab society, which remained leaderless, they needed a succession to rule themselves and restore order. Thus, the institution of the caliphate, a political authority, emerged. The Rashidun Caliphates period, was one of the most important periods in the history of Islam. During this period, the caliphs who took the lead tried to revive the order and the state system established by the prophet within the framework of his methods. After this period of the Rashidun Caliphates, the caliphate institution was transferred to the Umayyads. During this period, the caliphate, developed into a system of reign that passed from father to son. The Abbasid State, which subsequently took over the caliphate with the Abbasid Revolution movement, turned the institution into a great state with political and religious authorities. However, the internal and external problems in the 10th century eventually caused the caliphs to lose political influence and use only their religious positions. The Mongols, who abolished the Abbasid State in 1258, killed the Abbasid caliph and caused the Islamic world to enter the interregnum period. They experienced great joy when the Mamluks defeated the Mongols in 1260 with the Battle of Ain Jalut. With Baibars bringing the caliphate back to Cairo in 1261, the reputation of the caliphs in the Islamic world increased. In the Mamluk Dynasty, the caliphs acted under the command of the Sultans of the period. Since the caliphs had no political authority, history has seen cases where they were exiled and even stripped of religious authority. In this period, the caliphate became a religious symbolic institution in ceremonies held only for show.