Settlement in early years of islam (ah.1-41/a.c.622-661)

It is a fact migration of people and settlements play important role in the emergence of new societies and civilizations. From this perspective, studying the facts such as establishment of first Muslim community in Medina and the extension of Muslim domination over a vast geographical area in a short period of time within the world history in terms of migration might reveal some significant aspects of the subject. In this dissertation entitled "Settlement in Early Years of Islam (1-41 h /622-661)" we study the first Islamic settlements in cities of Medina, Kufa, Basra and Fustat. In order to determine the traces of later changes, it seemed necessary for us fist to establish the pre-Islamic facts regarding these regions. The settlement in Medina is evaluated in terms of the migration of the Prophet Muhammad and first Muslims to that city. The Prophet initiated a serious and orderly urbanization activity in Medina that politically and geographically seemed in disorder previously. After the Hegira there has been a significant population movement in Medina. In this regard, first an area of the city suitable for settlement and development marked as a new center and after the construction of his house and the Mosque, the rest of Migrates were allowed to settle there according to certain criteria. The conquests started with the Prophet continued with a fast pace under the period of Abu Bakr and Omar. During the Caliphate of Omar, cities for military encampment were established and soldiers of the conquering armies were settled these areas. In the meantime, in determining the settlement and city locations, Caliph Omar seemed played a definite role and set certain rules and requirements. In the cities of Basra, Kufa and Fustat Muslims were settled in khittas ordered on tribal basis. After settlements these cities received further migrations and went through significant population growth. For this reason, the rulers of these cities seemed to feel it necessary to make certain re-adjustments to these khittas from time to time.