Political exiles during Abdulhamid II. Era

After Abdülhamid II, ascended to the throne on the condition that he was going to accept the Constitution, in a short time, he sent the bureaucrats who were in favor of Constitutionalism away from Istanbul, and then, he shut down the Ottoman Parliament forever. However, the martial law he declared based on the Article 113, censorship he applied on the media, the intelligence network and the agents Abdulhamid II. created, led to create a group of opponents against him, especially, consisted of students. In Istanbul, the teachers, the students, the bureaucrats, and the journalists who were in favor of opening the Parliament again were frequently sent for exile by Abdulhamid II. to passivate them. The opponents of II. Abdulhamid although had different ideologies on the basement against his regime, but they were sided by a Constitionalism, and called themselves as "Young Turks", and an organizational powerful group was formed up among them that was named as The Committee of Union and Progress. The Opponents who were not able to oppose Abdulhamid II. in the country chose to go abroad as a volunteer exile. The opponents who were active within the country were sent to Fezzan (a desert area in Libya) mostly if captured. The people in exile widespread the opposition by publishing, establishing committees, and interacting with local people wherever they were. From the beginning of XX.th century, upon the increase of taxes, and by the provocation of the people in exile, there were rebels in Anatolia, and the Governors were dismissed form their jobs by the request of locals. The exiles in Europe, had decided not to give taxes and conducting a military coup in the Congress in 1907. As a result of political changes and organizations in Macedonia, Constitutional Regime was announced again. The people in exile came back to Istanbul, and when they found out that they couldn't get their rights back as a Public Servant and related to their education, they turned out to be opponents. Only after 8 months later since the Constitutionalism announced, on 31 March, a revolt happened and Abdulhamid II. was dethroned and sent to Tselanica to exile.