İnsan anne sütünde organoklorlu kirletici düzeylerinin ve genotoksiklerinin araştırılması meme epitel hücreleri üzerindeki etkileri

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) pose a threat for the environment and human health. In this study, we investigated concentrations of organochlorinated pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) accumulated in the fat of the human breast milk. Lactating mothers were asked to fill the questionnaire form including established risk factors associated with breast cancer development. In addition, potential DNA damage in exfoliated epithelial cells was analyzed by using Comet Assay. A total of 62 healthy lactating mothers living in Istanbul volunteered to participate in this study. Yeditepe University Clinical Research Ethics Committee approved the study protocol, and written consent was obtained from the volunteers. The genotoxicity level of the DNA isolated from human breast milk was determined by Comet Assay. The amount of OCPs and PCB congeners accumulated in human breast milk was analyzed by gas chromatography. These indicator PCB congeners were analyzed: PCB 28, PCB 52, PCB 101, PCB 118, PCB 138, PCB 153, PCB 180 and PCB 202. The OCPs investigated in the present study were α-benzenehexachloride, β-benzenehexachloride, δ-benzenehexachloride, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), 2,4′-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (o,p-DDE), 4,4′-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p-DDE), 2,4′-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (o,p-DDT), 4,4′-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (p,p-DDT), 2,4′-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (o,p-DDD), and 4,4′- dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (p,p-DDD). Demographic, dietary and reproductive health information was obtained by filling a questionnaire from each lactating mother. The analysis showed that highest levels of PCB congeners were PCB 153 (1983±2050 ng/g lipid), PCB 101 (274.4±292.7 ng/g lipid) and PCB 180 (96.21±156.2 ng/g lipid) detected in human breast milk. The lowest PCB congener was determined as PCB 202 (7.51±7.78 2 ng/g lipid) in the milk samples. The highest OCPs detected were p,p-DDT (139.8±271.1 ng/g lipid) and remained metabolites of DDTs had nearly the same levels. The lowest OCP was determined as HCB (1.44±0.69 ng/g lipid) in fat fraction of the human breast milk. The highest level of HCH was detected as Gamma-HCH (91.62±207.3 ng/g lipid) which is also known as lindane. Our findings showed that there was a significantly positive association between age and PCB 180 (p<0.01) and p,p-DDD (p<0.05) levels. However, significantly negative correlation was also detected between age and o,p-DDE (p<0.05). A significantly positive relationship was observed between number of nursed children and delta-HCH (p<0.05) and DDTs (p<0.05). Significantly positive association between age of first birth was seen in p,p-DDD (p<0.001), whereas significantly negative correlation was seen in o,p-DDE (p<0.01). Significantly higher amount of p,p-DDE (p<0.02) and o,p-DDE (p<0.01) were detected in breastfeeding mothers who had lived in İstanbul less than five years. PCB 52 (p<0.05) and p,p-DDT (p<0.01) had significantly positively correlated with weekly dairy consumption. There was a significantly positive association between tail moment (TM) and PCB 202 (p=0.042), whereas the significantly negative correlation was observed for gamma-HCH (p<0.001). Our findings show that traces of OCPs and PCBs are still detectable in human breast milk of lactating women living in Istanbul. Detection of these pollutants showed an age-dependent pattern in the breast milk samples and declined in multipara women compared to primipara mothers. We also confirm that breast milk is a useful and important biological tool for monitoring the burden of POPs in human.