Assessment of external wall details of registered historic buildings in Istanbul in terms of sustainability

Increasing industrialization, population growth in the world with uncontrolled consumption, increasing energy demand, dependence on fossil fuels, increasing emissions of gases and limited energy sources are directed to use energy efficiently and sustainability aproaches. Operational energy consumptions for buildings are approximately 1/3 of total energy consumed in the world. The majority of consumed operational energy of buildings is consumed as heat energy. Scientific studies releated with energy performance of buildings have a place in using energy efficiently and providing energy savings. Istanbul has an unique architectural pattern with large scale. Precautions should be taken in the renovation of registered building with historic property in Istanbul to provide energy saving. Most of these buildings in Istanbul generally do not have proper thermal insulation in their external walls. The most effective and easily applicable precaution conforming to rules of restoration and reconstrucion to save energy is thermally insulating them. Thus, both the originality of buildings will be protected and also performance of sustainability will be ensured at the optimum level. As a consequence of these efforts, limited energy in the world will be used effectively and emissions will be reduced. Within the scope of this study, it is aimed to compare the original external wall detail design and proposed external wall details, heating and cooling energy consumptions, released emissions depending on energy consumption and the environmental impacts of emissions in timber frame system and masonry system of registered historic buildings in Istanbul. To this end, assessments were carried out by comparing energy simulations used the assessment tool of building energy performance. The first chapter of the thesis contains the purpose, scope, methodology and hypothesis of the study. Topics starting from energy consumption, emissions of gases, operational energy of housing buildings, renovation of historic buildings forming Istanbul's architectural fabric are mentioned in the first chapter. The methodology of the thesis comprises of literature review, selection of the registered historic buildings with timber frame systemed and masonry systemed in Istanbul, analysis of the external walls of selected registered historic buildings with timber frame systemed and masonry systemed in Istanbul and simulations that are assessment tool of building energy performance are used in original and proposal details of external walls of the selected buildings. In the second chapter of the thesis, subjects deal with the concept of sustainability, the concept of energy, energy efficiency, certifications related with energy efficiency of buildings, energy efficiency in the buildings of Turkey and life cycle assessment. An oft-quoted definition of sustainable development is defined in the Our Common Future report as; sustainable development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. In the third chapter of the thesis, the concept of building envelope and its historical developments are viewed. Performance on building envelope are investigated under three titles; user requirments, environmental factors and performance requirements. Also, detailed information is given regarding the external walls, roofs and floors as building envelope components. External wall is a vertical component of building envelope protects building and people live in this building from various factors by separating the external environment and internal environment. In the fourth chapter of the thesis, registered historic building stock in Istanbul are investigated under two titles; buildings constructed with timber frame systemed and buildings constructed with masonry systemed. Examples of civil architecture made with wood material and its construction techniques registered in the residential building stock located in Istanbul were investigated. Information about Avcı Mehmet Paşa Yalısı, Beykoz Yalıköy Mediha Yaran Evi, Beylerbeyi Tuzcuoğlu Köşkü, Fatih Erturan Ailesi Konutu, Sarıyer Yenimahalle Ali Osman Köse Evi, Sarıyer Yenimahalle 118 Nolu Yapı ve Bebek Manolya Sokaktaki Yapı is transmitted. Examples of civil architecture made with masonry material and its construction techniques registered in the residential building stock located in Istanbul were investigated. Information about Abdullatif Suphi Paşa Konağı, Balat Ayan Caddesi 14-18-22 Nolu Sıra Evler, Silivri Anastase Stamoulis Evi, Yeşilköy Şengör Evi ve Tuzla'da Konut is transmitted. In the fifth chapter of the thesis, sustainability on the original exterior wall details of registered historic building in Istanbul and using thermal insulation in the external wall details of registered historic buildings in Istanbul is proposed in terms of sustainability and energy efficiency are calculated. This chapter consists of three subtitles. Methodology of the study, calculations on timber frame systemed exterior wall details and calculations on masonry systemed exterior wall details are classified as subtitles of the fifth chapter. In the part of methodology of the study; information about the space, information about the simulation programme, information about the alternatives, information about the proposals of sustainability and information about the calculation are mentioned. In the part of calculation on timber frame systemed exterior wall details; layers of timber frame system component in the original and proposal details, the average thermal conductivity of timber frame system component in the original and proposal details, layers of the external wall and u values in the original and proposal details, heat capacity related to specific heat and density of external wall components in the original and proposal details, zone heating and cooling loads in the original and proposal details, heat transfer amounts occured within the external wall in the original and proposal details, environmental impact values depending on the heating energy consumptions in the original and proposal details and environmental impact values depending on the cooling energy consumptions in the original and proposal details are calculated. In the part of calculation on masonry systemed external wall details; layers of the external wall and u values in the original and proposal details, heat capacity related to specific heat and density of external wall components in the original and proposal details, zone heating and cooling loads in the original and proposal details, heat transfer amounts occured within the external wall in the original and proposal details, environmental impact values depending on the heating energy consumptions in the original and proposal details and environmental impact values depending on the cooling energy consumptions in the original and proposal details are calculated. In the sixth chapter of the thesis, calculation results of heating and cooling energy consumptions, released emissions depending on heating and cooling energy consumptions, environmental impact values regarding to emissions of original external wall details and external wall with insulation proposed of registered historic buildings with timber frame systemed and masonry systemed in Istanbul are investigated separately for each building, they are compared and assessments are carried out. As a result of this study, thermal insulation are proposed to original external wall details of registered historic buildings with timber frame systemed and masonry systemed in Istanbul. While protecting the originality of registered historic buildings, thermal insulation proposals was applied in order to reach optimum level of sustainability performance on the external walls of registered historic buildings. It is seen obviously that the energy efficiency increased, the amounts of emissions and environmental impact values reduced by application of proper qualified to work with original materials, breathable natural fibers sourced thermal insulation proposals.