Central Anatolian mining in B.C. 2000 and the position of mining in central Anatolian trade

The main objective of study called ?Mining in the Central Anatolian Trade in 2000B.C. and Position of Mining in Central Anatolian Trade? is to reveal a vey detailed evaluationon the concept of archeometallurgy occuring after the researches since 1950?s. Mining andmetallurgy have attracted all the attentions with the researches about local mine productionsince 1070?s. The region called ?The Central Anatolia? was evaluated with the differentiationby Tahsin Özgüç. Accordingly, The Central Anatolia was separated into two as: a) the areabetween North Alacahöyük and Central Black Sea Region especially between Ye ilırmak andKızılırmak, b) South Alacahöyük and Kayseri Plain.The first foundling about the use of metal are in Çayönü (8200-7500 B.C.) where theobjects made of copper were sheltered. And it was declared by J.Meallaart that mining hadstarted here. On the other hand, some places such aas Yumuktepe, Can Hasan, Tülintepe,Tepecik…etc include the important foundlings. To make a classificition, it can be said thatthese are all preparation stages. After 8200 B.C., i.e. Çatalhöyük in 7300-7040 BC and A ıklıHöyük in 7600-7500 BC points a second step called mono metal period. The year 1000 BC isthe time when exractive metallurgy started in Çayönü with the result of the interactionbetween European Cultures and Anatolia. The fourth period called ?developed metallurgy? isdated after 4000 BC and is mainly located in Beycesultan, Pulur, kiztepe, Ali ar, Mersin,Arslantepe and Hassekhöyük. The time when the concept of industry completely occurred, isthe fifth stage called Bronze and Iron Age. In the history of mining, copper is the first seenmineral. Ten thousand years ago, before starting to produce pots and pans, people in Çayönüor A ıklı Höyük produced fishing lines, needles and beads by collecting the raw copper foundin their area naturally.In the stage of history, we meet silver after copper. The increasing number of peopleusing silver and lead is observed those days. The great number of foundlings are discoveredinAli ar, Eskiyapar, Horoztepe, Alacahöyük and Mahmatlar. Another mineral which weencounter is Lead. The background of lead extends to 7000 BC. And lead was used inproduction of some figures and valuable ornaments having culturally distinctive propertieswhich are produced in Ali ar and Kültepe in colony age in Anatolia, in 1000 BC.The abundancy of gold and silver in the Central Anatolia caused the first cultural andcommercial relationships between Anatolian and Mesopotamian. Probably Mesopotamian hadbeen supplying its need to gold from the local resources in Anatolia.Tin, which is more important than gold in history, plays the most important role inmaking bronze. Bronze is found by mixing 5-10 % tin to copper. It?s given its name to an eracalled ?Bronze Age? in Anatolia. The most controversial question in researches about tinfound in Alacahöyük and Horoztepe, is where the resources are. In order to answer thisquestion some thesis are presented such as; it came from the eastdeserts of Egypt, it wasimported from Assur, it had something related to the resources in Afghanistan or it came fromthe Tuna River in Central Europe to the Balkans then arriving in Anatolia by passing throughthe Bosphorus.All these materials were cultivated with some certain moulding and castingtechniques. Before, this technique was appllied by using one part moulds, then using twoparted ones lastly pierre cardue. In anneiling, there are two techniques as collapsing andelevating.The product?s appearance has gained an artistic value by applying some decorationtechniques such as , embossing, excavation, carving, plating and granulation.After 1000 BC, mining in Anatolia has completed all its evolotion and become themost important commodity of commercial life. Even, they have the biggest part in trade.These were proved by some written documents. The best examples are the documents foundin Kültepe Karum. Hittites contributed the most important part in mining in Anatolia and theybecame the authorities of trade.Having so many question in this detailed subject is natural. Some systematicexcavations held in Central Anatolia and its neighborhood especially in some centers on thetrade roads will answer all these questions.