Pharmaceutical botanical research on some verbascum L. (scrophulariaceae) species growing in muş province and around

In this study, pharmaceutical botanical properties and biological activities of 4 endemic (V. macrosepalum Boiss. et Kotschy ex Murb., V. calvum Boiss. et Kotschy, V. insulare Boiss. et Heldr., V. vanense Hub. ve Mor.) and 1 non-endemic (V. cheiranthifolium Boiss. var. cheiranthifolium Boiss.) species of the genus Verbascum growing in and around Muş province were investigated. The morphological characters of the studied species were compared with the Flora of Turkey, detailed descriptions were given and supported by drawings and photographs. Transverse and superficial sections were taken from root, stem and leaf and their anatomical structures were analysed. Ethanol extracts of the above-ground and root parts of these species were prepared. Total phenol amounts in terms of gallic acid equivalents by Folin-Ciocaltaeu method, antioxidant activities by DPPH˙ and ABTS˙+ methods were determined and the results were compared. According to the total phenol content and ABTS˙+ results, the highest values (158.03 ± 6.55 mgGAE/extract and 182.59 ± 5.17 mMTE/gextract) were found in V. vanense root extract. According to DPPH˙ results, the highest value belonged to V. calvum above-ground part extract (IC50 485.66 ± 8.46 µg/mL). The antibacterial and antifungal effects of the extracts were investigated against 10 pathogenic microorganisms by minimum bactericidal concentration and microbroth dilution method and the extracts were found to be effective. The cytotoxic effects of the extracts on SKOV-3 cells were determined using MTT method. Almost all concentrations of the root extract of V. vanense were found to be effective. Chitosan biopolymer was used in the formulation experiments and the pH value was found to be compatible with the skin in the tests performed and all extracts showed stability. The best storage condition for the formulation was determined as 4 ⁰C and optimum rheological values were determined.