The horse in Medieval Mongolian state and social life

The horse, one of the first animals to be domesticated in human history, has played a vital role in shaping the social status, cultural identity, and economic life of nomadic societies, particularly those living in the vast steppes of Central Asia. In such societies, the horse was indispensable for the survival of individuals and communities, military achievements, and cultural life. The Mongols, who established powerful states, left a significant mark on world history and attained notable success in military and political arenas. At the core of these achievements lay the mobility, tactical advantages, and logistical capabilities provided by the horse. The horse's role in religious ceremonies, sacrificial rituals, and funerary practices reflects the profound cultural bond the Mongols formed with it. Furthermore, horses held an important place in the culture of gift-giving and diplomacy, often serving as symbols of power and prestige in inter-state relations. In the medieval period, the horse was not only the key to military victories for the Mongols but also a defining element in the construction of their collective memory, identity, and economic activities. This study addresses technical aspects such as the training, care, feeding, and physical characteristics of the horse. It then elaborates on the horse's roles in transportation, nutrition, entertainment, law, religion, diplomacy, and commerce within Mongol society. The aim of this study is to explore the cultural and historical functions of the horse in Mongol society and to reveal its significance and role therein.