An analysis of questions in 5th grade middle school mathematics textbooks within the framework of mathematical literacy

This study aims to analyze the questions in the 5th grade middle school mathematics textbook recommended by the Turkish Ministry of National Education (MEB, 2024) within the framework of the PISA 2022 mathematics assessment and mathematical literacy proficiency levels. The research investigates the distribution of questions according to themes, mathematical processes, mathematical content areas, general content areas, mathematical literacy proficiency levels, and item types. Findings indicate that the majority of questions are concentrated in the "Numbers and Quantities" theme, while the subtopic "Fractions" is underrepresented. Among the mathematical content areas, there is a strong emphasis on "Quantity," whereas "Space and Shape" and "Uncertainty and Data" are less represented. Regarding mathematical processes, most questions focus on the use of basic concepts, facts, and procedures, with limited attention to higher-order cognitive processes such as interpretation, application, and evaluation. In terms of mathematical literacy proficiency levels, questions predominantly fall within levels 2 and 3, with no questions at levels 5 and 6. Concerning item types, open-ended questions dominate, while multiple-choice and other question types are rarely used. Based on these results, it is recommended to increase the inclusion of social and professional contexts, enhance questions targeting higher-order cognitive processes, and diversify questions that assess complex problem-solving and strategic thinking skills aligned with higher PISA proficiency levels. Furthermore, balancing open-ended and multiple-choice items is advised to improve the reliability and effectiveness of assessment. Future studies should expand to include different grade levels and international comparisons. Implementing these recommendations is expected to significantly contribute to the development of students' mathematical literacy and multidimensional thinking skills.