The relationship among proactive personality traits, self- efficacy, and entrepreneurial orientation moderated by leadership style: A case of the Defense Industry

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationships among entrepreneurial orientation (EO), proactive personality traits, self-efficacy, and the moderating effects of leadership styles. A quantitative methodology was employed, utilizing a questionnaire to explore the relationship between proactive personality traits and self-efficacy in relation to EO. In the questionnaire, proactive personality traits and self-efficacy are the independent variables, entrepreneurial orientation is the dependent variable, and leadership styles serve as the moderator. Over 2,000 questionnaire links were distributed by the author, resulting in 402 responses. The sample consists of key figures in the defense industry in Ankara— individuals who are influential and dynamic within the sector. Non-probability sampling methods were used in this study. Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling were conducted. Significant relationships were found between proactive personality traits and entrepreneurial orientation, as well as between self-efficacy and entrepreneurial orientation. While the sample is representative of the target population, industry constraints limited access to a broader demographic. Additionally, the study did not achieve an even distribution of male and female participants. This research provides valuable insights for managers and the sector regarding employee behavior. A correlation was identified between entrepreneurial orientation and proactive personality traits, as well as between entrepreneurial orientation and self-efficacy. However, no moderating effect of leadership styles was found between proactive personality traits, self-efficacy, and entrepreneurial orientation. Our findings suggest that entrepreneurial orientation is influenced by the proactive personalities of employees, a key factor in the rapidly evolving defense industry. As this sector is critical for our country's ability to compete globally, fostering entrepreneurial orientation is of particular importance.