The missionary institutions in Russia's religion policies for Middle East (1840-1917)

Industrial Revolution has brought the need of the raw materials and market for Western States. This has led to enter into the colonial quest of the states began to industrialization. Following the signing of the Treaty of Karlowitz in1699, the Ottoman Empire that slowly began to withdraw from the European continent has entered the process of collapse because of it can not follow western technological and scientific innovations, the capitulations that was used as an exploitation tool by the European states in 19.th century. Strategic geographical location of the Ottoman Empire dominated the three continents, why not run with the technological deficiencies of underground and above-ground riches offered unique opportunities for colonial states. Beside they provided privileges with the capitulations in Ottoman territory where weakened the central authority, they needed another way will more easily realize their desires and increase their influences more. As a result the capitulations were a legal process depended on the will of Ottoman Empire. In this context, the religion which was into foreign policy as a means of achieving the interests of the state and unification with the idea of religious nationalism that was a product of the French Revolution changed the fate of of minorities in the Ottoman. European States to create their own spheres of influence in Empire had with a vengeance implemented their religious policies on Christian minorities. They some time tried to carry that through their religious missions which invaded the country of Ottoman in 19.th century and some time through diplomatic missions and the Patriarchates that was Christian headship of the worldly and otherworldly if in case of failure of the missions. Each of the Western States to enable and spread their sect throughout the Empire first Syria and Palestine which was expressed as "Holy Land" entered a fierce struggle. This religious struggle was supported by political, diplomatic, ideological and military tools and had been one of the biggest causes of the collapse of the Ottoman Empire. In this context, it was unthinkable which Russia increasingly strengthening, wishing to strengthen his the economy in North of the Ottoman Empire against expansionist and colonialist policies of Western States and therefore trade that made him a national policy of opening to the warm sea couldn't used to phenomenas of religious, ethnicity and culture as a foreign policy tool. Moreover, because of Russia's geographical proximity to the Ottoman, excess of the Orthodox population will be able to it penetrate, her sympathy with the Eastern Churches was more advantageous position compared to other countries. Which is important for Russia used so as to maximize highest level her interests against other states to this advantage. Therefore, Russia had attempted to create spheres of influence in the Ottoman Empire using Armenians, Assyrians and other minorities of Christians, Orthodox Christians the first they belonged the same sect. This Christian minorities had also seen as a savior to Russia not hesitate to demand her patronage in the hope of establishing their own independent state in the future. Russia's missionary activities concentrated in Syria, Palestine and Urmia, had made religion, education, communication and scientific studies. However, the First World War affected the fate of Russia in the beginning of the war because of she taken place at the Allies side was closed all her diplomatic and religious missions, It is also sealed with a 1917 Bolshevik Revolution. But the diplomatic representations was reopened in Turkey on behalf of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics to the new establishment instead of the Russian Empire. The religious representative offices that could survived the post-war was supported by the Russian Orthodox Church in America not by the Soviet Government.