The immigration of the city and society to distopia after the Industrial Revolution: A review on urban planning

The industrialization process has been constantly changing the structure of societies and cities since the 18th century, when it emerged in England. The biggest factor in this change is the intense migration to the cities with industrialization. Intense population growth brings along the need for housing, but because cities do not have enough housing for population growth at this density, unplanned settlements emerge. Cities of Turkey, which joined this process years after their western counterparts, were also exposed. To address this problem, Ebenezer Howard presented a classless and sustainable urban plan that combines the good aspects of industrial cities and rural areas in his book 'Garden Cities of Tomorrow'. Such planned urban studies were tried in industrial cities and Ankara city of Turkey, but the results eventually deviated from their purpose and increased class polarization even more. While the living spaces of the lower class continued to emerge in the cities until the era of globalization, the upper class felt the need to escape from the crowds, pollution and dangers of the cities. Thus, while investments were transferred to areas accessible to the middle-upper and upper-class outside their cities, the cities were emptied and deprived of investments. However, with the effect of globalization and neoliberalism, the transfer of production centers to second and third world countries, from central cities to surrounding cities, has made cities a means of capital transformation. Thus, cities have become centers of class distinction with concepts such as urban transformations, gentrification and displacement. In this context, it is aimed to conduct the research with a critical point of view by making use of the works of names such as Friedrich Engels, David Harvey, Anthony Giddens, Richard Florida in the examples in the west, and those who contributed significantly to the literature such as Ruşen Keleş, İlhan Tekeli, Çağlar Keyder in Turkey. Keywords: Industrialization, city, society, class