Material and technique in Seljuk Age Anatolian architecture (Eastern and Southeastern Anatolia)

Anatolia, which is one of the oldest settlements in the world, experienced many cultures and civilizations until the 11th century. From this date, the Turks settled in the Anatolian geography of the Seljuk conquests. The first Turkish Principalities in the Seljuk period contributed to the development of Turkish and Islamic civilization by constructing numerous architectural works. Primarily mosque; many masjids, madrasas, tombs, caravansaries, baths and zaviyas have been established. It is seen that different types of materials are used in the construction of artifacts in Eastern and Southeastern Anatolia, one of the first settlements of Turks in Anatolia. Limestone, andesite, basalt, sandstone and marble are the preferred stone types in the construction process of the structures. The main reason for the use of these stone types in buildings is the proximity to the raw material, ie the quarries. These stones were used in the form of cut stone, rustication stone and rubble stone. The brick, which is applied both as a construction and decoration material, is a preferred building material after stone. Most unglazed brick application is seen in brick, then cut brick and glazed brick. The wood used for static purposes in buildings is mostly seen as beams on the facades and walls. Gypsum, which is generally encountered in brick structures, is ornament material. Stone and brick structures were applied with different construction techniques. In particular, the flexible structural character of the bricks has allowed the construction of the leather in different forms. It is seen in the construction materials used in different building types and structural elements that the general practices of the region or the period are repeated or there are regulations that disrupt the ordinary. It is understood that there are different reasons or effects in these preferences. In particular, there are states that have their own style of material use at different periods, as well as those who prefer different trials. There are many different and many stone, brick, and tile decoration techniques that the Turks have brought from both Central Asia and Anatolia. It is understood that the architectural memory, the culture and the socio-economic situation are effective in the implementation of these structures. It is determined that patron (constructor), architect and master (constructive) factors also give direction in the materials and construction techniques applied in the buildings. In particular, the political power of the bânî and the origin of architecture is the driving force in the use of materials. The influence of architectural tradition of different societies in Eastern and Southeastern Anatolia on material and construction techniques is an undeniable reality. In addition, the construction forms of Central Asia, Caucasus, Iraq and Syria have similarities to the structures in Eastern and Southeastern Anatolia.