Determination of quality parameters of walnut milk powder enriched with B12, L-carnitine and lupine flour by applying lyophilization process for vegan athletes

Aim: This study aimed to enrich formulations made from walnuts, walnut milk, walnut milk powder and lupin flour by adding B12 and L-carnitine in order to develop functional powder products for vegan athletes. Materials and Methods: Physicochemical and sensory analyses of raw materials and vegan athlete powders have been carried out comprehensively. Results: Among the raw materials, walnut stands out with its high fat (59.80%) and energy (663.30 kcal/100 g) content, while walnut milk powder has high protein (14.82%) and phenolic substance content (186.76 mg GAE/100 g) compared to walnut milk. Lupin flour stands out as an important component with the highest protein (40.50%) and mineral contents. Vegan athlete B powder had the highest protein (31.08%), while C powder exhibited the highest fat (16.75%) and significant oxidative stress reduction potential due to its high phenolic content (192 mg GAE/100 g). The samples' dry matter (94.07%-96.23%) and water activity (0.27%-0.47%) values indicate suitability for microbial stability and a long shelf life. Statistical differences (p<0.05) were detected in the powder groups for protein, water activity, dispersibility, fat binding capacity, a* value, DPPH, and total carbohydrate content. The dispersibility (87.28%-92.74%) and powder product yield (90.68%-92.82%) contents of the powder samples are high, increasing the easy usability of the products. Antioxidant capacity analyses (DPPH, FRAP, CUPRAC) showed sample B had high bioactive components, while sample C's high energy value (448.73 kcal/100g) suits high energy needs. All samples had a balanced mineral profile and sufficient Vitamin B12 levels (3.64%–3.92%) for vegan athletes. Sample B, with 15% L-carnitine, was the most preferred. Conclusion: This study offers an opportunity for the development of effective functional foods not only for vegan athletes but also for individuals pursuing a healthy lifestyle, and constitutes a valuable source of information contributing to the fields of food science and sports nutrition. 2025, 73 Pages Keywords: Bioactive Properties, Walnut milk, Lyophilization, Vegan B12, Vegan Athlete