Afet ve Savaş Sonrası İmar ve Rehabilitasyon Anabilim Dalı
Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University22
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Anabilim Dalı
Assessing urban heritage conservation practices in the UAE: The case studies of Heart of Sharjah and Khor Dubai
Urban heritage conservation is pivotal for preserving cultural connections, fostering a sense of place, and ensuring sustainable city development. This study delves into the context of Sharjah and Dubai in the United Arab Emirates, where rapid modernization has disrupted traditional architecture and historic urban centers, resulting in sub-crises such as urban decay, degraded social relations, and economic decline in traditional markets. Efforts to restore, reconstruct, and rehabilitate built heritage have emerged. However, there is a knowledge gap in understanding their effectiveness and assessing their quality on architectural and urban levels. The research addresses three primary questions: What are the existing practices in The Heart Sharjah and Khor Dubai for conserving their urban and architectural heritage? Do these practices effectively preserve heritage values while adhering to International Charters, and what are their strengths and weaknesses compared to regional examples? Lastly, how can these practices be enhanced? In answering these questions, qualitative and case study methods are employed. Literature review, visual data analysis, historical maps, and on-site observations are used to explore the current state of urban heritage in Sharjah and Dubai. The findings reveal challenges in preserving design authenticity, cultural significance, original uses, and adherence to principles like historical continuity. The study offers numerous recommendations to address these challenges such as focusing on authenticity, establishing connected and walkable urban heritage sites surrounded by buffer zones, and integrating residential presence. This research contributes not only to the post-crisis reconstruction field by discussing the rebuilding of heritage areas after crises but also to the heritage conservation field, as it validates International Guidelines and global conservation methods. Future studies could encompass broader assessments of built heritage, delve deeper into public perception and participation, or examine the resilience of the UAE's restored heritage and its alignment with the UN's Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
İvedik OSB'de küçük ölçekli bir endüstri bölgesinde yangın tahliye sürecinin analizi
In the continuous landscape of scientific advancements, the industrial sector, represented by Ivedik OSB as the studied area in this research, stands as a pivotal entity, dynamically influenced by each breakthrough. This symbiotic relationship propels the industry into a perpetual state of evolution, assimilating the latest updates while occasionally contributing innovations in technology and manufacturing. The rapid metamorphosis in equipment and operational methodologies necessitates a flexible and adaptive approach to maintaining a secure working environment. Unfortunately, prevailing safety practices have not kept pace with these transformative shifts, particularly in the realms of fire protection methods and evacuation plans. This research addresses the critical gap in the current industrial safety paradigm by conducting an agent-based simulation on a case study industrial building within Ivedik OSB. The primary focus is on evaluating and comparing parameters to discern the optimal starting conditions that yield the most favorable results according to predetermined criteria. The study acknowledges the multifaceted nature of the industrial landscape, considering factors such as new operational methods and the flammability of materials employed within Ivedik OSB. The overarching objective of this study is to introduce an agent-based simulation method that can potentially shape future standards for fire protection and evacuation protocols in industrial settings. Using systematic analysis and optimizing starting conditions within Ivedik OSB, the research aims to provide a foundation for enhanced safety measures tailored to the evolving industrial landscape. Possible findings from this study include (1) Highlighting the Effect of Route Efficiency on Evacuation Process Insights into how the efficiency of chosen routes influences evacuation times and overall safety can contribute valuable information for optimizing evacuation plans in industrial settings. (2) Discussing Current Regulations in Türkiye and Identifying Areas for Improvement, the research offers an opportunity to delve into an examination of current safety regulations in Türkiye concerning industrial fire protection and evacuation procedures. By identifying potential gaps or areas for improvement, the study can provide valuable input for enhancing existing regulations to align with contemporary industrial practices. (3) Providing Recommendations for Improving Fire Safety in Industrial Settings, based on the systematic analysis and agent-based simulation within Ivedik OSB, the study aims to provide concrete recommendations for enhancing fire safety measures in industrial settings. These recommendations can offer practical insights for both policymakers and industrial stakeholders, contributing to the development of more effective safety protocols tailored to the evolving industrial landscape.
Management of physical built environment reconstruction after disaster challenges, priorities, and strategies
Natural and man-made disasters cast a long shadow over the built environment, jeopardizing lives, infrastructure, economies, and ecological integrity, these events underscore the criticality of proactive preparedness, immediate response, and long- term, sustainable reconstruction strategies, effective disaster management necessitates robust protocols for mitigating impacts, prioritizing recovery operations, and fostering multi-level stakeholder engagement. This thesis navigates the intricate interplay between disaster, reconstruction, and the built physical environment, using geographically diverse case studies, it meticulously dissects how reconstruction processes unfold in the wake of different disaster types, each case study serves as a microcosm, illuminating the multifaceted challenges, priorities, and contextual nuances that shape post-disaster recovery trajectories, to shed light on these complex dynamics, the research employs a multifaceted approach such as exhaustive literature review and deep-diving into individual case studies to assessing its strengths and opportunities, through this methodology, the research seeks to comprehend the multifaceted impact of reconstruction and to glean valuable lessons that can inform future post-disaster interventions, by unraveling the intricate dance between disaster, reconstruction, and the built environment, so we can strive to build sustainable cities capable of recovering and emerging stronger from the ashes of adversity. This research offers valuable insights into post-disaster reconstruction by Proposing a conceptual framework, a comprehensive framework is developed to guide future reconstruction efforts in disaster-affected physical built environment areas, finally generalizing findings to Syria, the case studies' lessons are extrapolated to provide a broader understanding of reconstruction dynamics within the specific context of Syria. Keywords: Physical built reconstruction, disaster management, resilience, challenge, post reconstruction, sustainability, strategies, priorities.
Diyarbakır geleneksel evlerinin kültürel kimliğini mimari oranlar ve mekansal ilişkiler yoluyla keşfetmek
Diyarbakir traditional houses are characterized by ecological design principles that adapt to the local terrain, holding significant cultural, historical, and architectural importance. The literature suggests that these houses symbolize similarity in architectural proportions and spatial relationships with other Turkish traditional houses. However, in Diyarbakir, traditional houses, like those in Syria or Iraq, often lack comprehensive documentation. Therefore, during reconstruction efforts, it becomes necessary to have a clear understanding of the spatial relationships between different components, in addition to determining the architectural proportions. While it may not always be possible to replicate historic homes exactly as they were in historic centers, ensuring the correct spatial relationships and proportions can effectively guide the reconstruction process. This study focuses on exploring the relationship between the cultural and architectural identity of Diyarbakir traditional houses through a two-pronged investigation: proportional analysis and spatial analysis. Proportional analysis unveils a comprehensive design language reflecting the cultural identity of Diyarbakir. Spatial analysis identifies the central courtyard and iwan as shared elements embodying deep social values and adaptability to diverse family needs. In conclusion, the study underscores the profound link between cultural and architectural identity, offering insights for preserving and reconstructing traditional houses. It may also contribute to integrating traditional architectural proportions and spatial relationships into contemporary architecture. This scholarly resource enhances understanding of Diyarbakir's cultural heritage and serves as a reference for extending this approach to studying other traditional buildings in Diyarbakir or other regions. Despite potential variations in results due to construction methods in different regions, the relationship between architecture and cultural identity remains a constant factor. Keywords: Cultural Identity, Architectural Identity, Architectural Proportions, Spatial Relationships
Moving from emergency (short-term intervention) to sustainability (long- term intervention) in response to disasters
Rapid and effective interventions are crucial from governments and organizations at different levels, especially within the humanitarian field, in the response to both natural disasters and armed conflicts. In other words, disaster response largely depends on the nature or type of disaster, then duration. The suffering of Syrian IDPs in their tents has continued for many years, despite the presence of many bodies and organizations working on the ground. But it seems that the problem is not the presence of anyone responding to the disaster as much as it relates to the type of this response and the preparation for it before it occurs. Initially conceived as emergency structures, these camps have evolved into semi-permanent settlements, prompting questions about their sustainability. The research problem focuses on the need for an effective response to the protracted humanitarian crisis within internally displaced persons (IDP) camps in Syria. Specifically, the focus is on camps in Dana, Harim, Jarablus, Azaz, and Al Bab. The research strives to explain the reasons behind the apparent lapse in applying disaster risk reduction (DRR) techniques in long-term IDP scenarios. This necessitates a recalibration of humanitarian strategies to address the multifaceted challenges of the protracted conflict and the resiliency of these camps in the face of natural disasters. A structured survey instrument comprising 22 questions was meticulously designed to capture nuanced insights from a representative sample of 350 IDPs residing in Syrian camps. However, only 305 participants in the five camps gave responses to them. The data underwent thorough analysis using SPSS software, employing descriptive and inferential statistical techniques. The findings underscore the paramount importance of the transparent structure of the organizations working on the ground, effective communication channels, meaningful refugee involvement in decision-making processes, establishing capacity-building initiatives, classifying the camps on the ground, and advocacy towards depends on private funds/donations. These factors are essential to cultivating a secure environment for Syrian refugees, facilitating the transition from emergency (short-term intervention) to sustainability (long-term intervention). Keywords: Camps, emergency, long-term, protracted, short-term, tents, vulnerable.
Disaster risk reduction management towards resilient communities in north-west Syria
This study, conducted in Atmeh camp, Syria, addresses the critical need for effective Disaster Risk Reduction Management in the context of North-west Syria, marked by complex and protracted humanitarian crises and heightened vulnerability to natural and man-made disasters. The research aimed to investigate disaster resilience and adaptation among various groups within Atmeh camp community that was established as a result of multiple displacement waves from different war-affected regions across Syria since 2012. In addition, qualitative and quantitative research methods were used in this 2022 field study of a community. The sample included 350 diverse participants who shared experiences with natural catastrophes. This sample's quantitative portion of the research consisted of 38 participants. The study sample was drawn from community members, including Key Informant Interviews: Camp Managers, Mukthars, School Administrations, Community Leaders and members of disaster management committees. The qualitative and quantitative research revealed a lack of proactive disaster preparedness in the community, relying heavily on external assistance during crises. Existing committees and teams, though funded, proved ineffective in fostering community empowerment and resilience. The absence of disaster regulations compounded the challenges. The study suggests enhancing community-led disaster risk reduction efforts, utilizing skilled individuals, experienced leaders, and learning from similar communities. Advocacy, awareness sessions, and inclusive training for vulnerable groups are recommended to build disaster-resilient communities. Addressing poverty and related issues is crucial for fostering community self-efficacy. The study emphasizes the need for improved preparation and recovery strategies in Atmeh camp and the broader district.
Design for play: Child-friendly neighborhoods following the culture context and play patterens
Over the past few decades, there has been increasing recognition that the everyday environments of neighborhoods affect a child's brain structure and profoundly impact their health and well-being. However, childhood experiences within the neighborhood have witnessed a substantial transformation increasingly leading to children disappearing from the urban scene and a reduced frequency of children engaging in outdoor activities. This thesis aims to evaluate the child-friendliness of two modern neighborhoods in the city of Homs. In addition, this study examines the perceptions of 6-12-year-old children and their parents to grasp the physical and social-spatial factors of the neighborhood affecting children's usage of their neighborhood. To complete the analysis, this research involved a review of the literature about the child-friendly neighborhood concept and the physical and social-spatial factors influencing children's outdoor activity. It also included semi-structured interviews with parents, field observation, mapping, and an analysis of neighborhood land use in the study area. The morphology analysis reveals that neighborhood morphology has an influence on children's outdoor activities and parents' perceptions of neighborhood. The findings refer that the traditional neighborhood morphology retains essential features for creating a child-friendly environment, contrasting in contemporary neighborhoods. In addition, streets, in old and modern neighborhoods, remain significant spaces for children's recreational activities, emphasizing the need to reimagine streets as play environments. In light of the findings, this study proposes several suggestions for city planners and officials that aim to create neighborhood-scale environments conducive to the health and well-being of future generations of children.
Sustainable living spaces:A Typomorphological analysis for the optimization of thermal comfort in hot-dry climate
Syria's urban landscape, epitomized by Aleppo, grapples with extensive destruction, demanding urgent home rebuilding. Local housing, burdened by high energy needs, faces a critical juncture in adapting to this reality. This research integrates traditional Aleppo architectural parameters into modern energy-efficient designs for sustainable cities facing climate changes and thermal comfort challenges for users in hot, dry climates. Critical questions on heritage-innovation harmony, optimal building configurations, and urban morphology parameters' energy influence, are explored. Employing an integrated methodology encompassing literature review, case study examination, and advanced energy modeling via Design Builder software, the morphological phased analysis systematically addressed several stages, employing a thematic place survey tool encompassing diverse units of analysis, such as building forms, orientations, street textures, settlement patterns, and building plots. A variety of building forms, including L, U, Box, and I-I configurations, underwent scrutiny, with a focus on achieving an optimized A/V ratio. Street patterns, shadow effects, and building materials are evaluated for energy-efficient layouts, prioritizing reduced cooling loads. Recommendations endorse modern aerated brick walls and foam polyethylene insulation for superior energy efficiency. The study proposes a strategy that aligns traditional Aleppo design with energy-efficient practices in the hot dry climate, re-envisioning courtyard layouts and materials to meet modern standards. This investigation contributes to architectural and urban planning by offering a nuanced analysis of energy efficiency in Aleppo's unique context.
A comprehensive examination of preparedness and mitigation strategies of factors of flooding in Erbil, Iraq
This study displays a comprehensive examination of preparedness and mitigation strategies concerning flood risk management in Erbil, Iraq. The research problem addresses the intricate dynamics of flood risks in the KRI, emphasizing the need for tailored approaches to understand and mitigate these challenges. The study employs a mixed-methods approach, including surveys, interviews, and Geographic Information System (GIS) based mapping analyses, to elucidate the factors influencing flood occurrences, impacts, and response mechanisms. The survey, conducted with 280 individuals across four areas in Erbil (Rushanbiry, Daratu, Zhyan, Qushtapa), reveals the prevalence of flood occurrences and the diverse range of factors contributing to them, such as heavy rainfall, riverine flooding, and inadequate drainage systems. Additionally, the survey highlights varying levels of preparedness and concern among respondents regarding flood risks, underscoring the importance of enhancing community resilience through improved awareness and infrastructure development. The interviews, involving 40 participants from different areas in Erbil, provide further insights into perceptions and experiences related to flood response, disaster management, recovery, and mitigation strategies. Participants expressed diverse opinions on the effectiveness of relief efforts, the clarity of communication between agencies, and the inclusivity of recovery processes, highlighting the complexity of flood risk management in the region. GIS mapping analyses, conducted in various areas in Erbil, contribute spatial insights into flood risk dynamics, incorporating factors such as annual rainfall, topography, elevation, and inundation. These analyses deepen the understanding of flood susceptibility and inform decision-making processes for mitigation and preparedness strategies. The comprehensive examination of preparedness and mitigation strategies for flooding in Erbil, Iraq, reveals valuable insights into the challenges faced by the community and the effectiveness of existing measures. Through surveys and interviews with residents, key factors influencing flood risk management were identified and analyzed. The findings indicate that while there are some strengths in the response and recovery efforts, there are also areas requiring improvement. Issues such as inadequate infrastructure, limited coordination among agencies, and insufficient public awareness highlight the complexity of flood risk management in the region. Additionally, the study emphasizes the importance of community collaboration, transparency in decision-making processes, and the integration of traditional knowledge with modern approaches. Moving forward, addressing these challenges will require a multi-faceted approach involving government agencies, local communities, and international organizations. By implementing evidence-based strategies, enhancing preparedness measures, and promoting community resilience, Erbil can better mitigate the impact of future flooding events and build a safer, more resilient city for its residents.
Architectural heritage management in postwar small and medium cities, and their rural areas in North West Syria
During wars, architectural heritage is exposed to severe damage, especially in cities and urban areas, ranging from minor damage to complete destruction. Moreover, the marginalization, weakness or absence of heritage management supporting post-war recovery, especially in medium and small towns and their countryside where attention is focused on large cities, has exacerbated the problem. In addition to the crisis of climate change and global warming facing the Earth, which results in natural disasters that increase the vulnerability of architectural heritage to destruction, which is considered a resource for flexible and sustainable practices and technologies that we can benefit from in our contemporary architecture. The thesis suggests directing attention to medium and small cities and their rural areas with a traditional fabric. Syria has been exposed to conflict for more than a decade. The study will focus on the regions of northwestern Syria, including its medium and small cities and its countryside, to study its current situation, determine its architectural heritage, and the role it can play in that complex context. The thesis conducted many research in the context of wars and disasters, focusing on many points: managing architectural heritage, the possibility of adapting technology in this context, trying to benefit from traditional practices in the context of sustainability, and finally the relationship of architectural heritage to the resilience of cities. The methodology followed in the thesis is publication-based thesis, the published articles about the different research topics were organized to serve the achievement of the objectives of the master program. By reviewing the literature and extracting the best methodologies compatible with the Syrian context, it is possible to define the value of architectural heritage in the contexts of wars and disasters and develop a strategy for using and intervening in this heritage.
Applying build back better (BBB) in northern Syria
This study aims to highlight the advantages of applying Build-Back-Better (BBB) process in the northern regions of Syria and specifying the major aspects, which can play a significant role in the positive transformation of Syria and Syrian community. In addition to the destruction and damage caused by the conflict, many buildings have been built without considering safety technical standards. Moreover, the infrastructure of these areas is either missing or very poor. Therefore, defining and assessing these damaged and under-standard buildings are essential, as urgent initial steps for reducing the disaster risks. Refugee camps in that area repeatedly suffer from natural disasters including floods and freezing weather in winter. One of the three applications considered in this study is transforming the big camps in northern Syria into appropriately planned cities. Both the Syrian code of urban planning and AFAD standards for container cities are compared in this study. A modified Syrian code for urban planning is used to re-plan one of the biggest camps, Atmeh Camp, as an example of the first application of the camps into cities. The second application is about improving the urban planning of key cities and towns in northern Syria like Al-Bab and Azaz. The requirements of this application are discussed, and the achievements of the Association of Al-Bab Engineers are listed to illustrate some of the efforts that can facilitate this application. The third application is based on a survey concerning the Syrian refugees in Turkey in specific as it hosts about four million Syrian refugees. The survey investigates the privileges that Syrians enjoy in Turkey and wish to see if they return to Syria. A possible BBB framework is proposed for northern Syria enlightened by the Syrian refugees' experience in Turkey. This application tackles how BBB could encourage the return of Syrian refugees and specifically those in Turkey. The three suggested applications of the BBB principles are aimed as the attempts to rebuild and revive Syria or at least a part of it for now.
Rural areas: Post war development strategies
Post-war rural areas in Syria are facing huge challenges. Therefore, comprehensive developmental strategies designed specifically to respond to their problems are needed. Researchers have examined potentials for development through analysing conceptual frameworks and implemented case studies to understand the possible tools. The concept of resilience belongs to these new tools of strategic diagnosis and monitoring of a given space. Building on existing work of development theories, the research investigates the idea of using the concept of resilience for determining rural development potentials. Moreover, it tackles the efficiency of those studied tools and which lessons can be learnt. Secondary data were collected and analysed alongside case studies of rural resilience implementation. Furthermore, a pilot zone in Syria was chosen to do a damage assessment and to detect post-war reconstruction and rehabilitation measurements through primary data collection and analysis. The analysis demonstrated strengths and weaknesses and resulted in a conceptual framework for pilot-zone development. Analysis results were then generalized to the areas sharing the same characteristics as the studied zone. In addition, a conceptual framework was proposed for rural areas of Syria. Finally, further research is needed in the field of post-war context to identify factors that could strengthen the effectiveness of resilience as a development strategy
Peace & war through urban public spaces "the case of Aleppo city"
Urban public spaces shape societies' dynamics and can significantly affect conflict and peacebuilding initiatives. This thesis explores the intricate relationship between urban spaces and their influence on war or fostering sustainable peacebuilding. By comprehending the social dynamics, conflict history, and the mental spatial map of cities, it can help to gain valuable insights into how these spaces can be harnessed for promoting lasting peace. This thesis aims to analyze the role of urban spaces in both peace and war contexts and their contribution to sustainable peacebuilding, focusing on the influence of architects and urban planners. The existing literature acknowledges the importance of urban spaces in post-conflict contexts; however, there is a significant gap in understanding the specific requirements for urban public spaces to actively facilitate peacebuilding and the corresponding expectations from architects and urban planners. To address this, a comparative study of Belfast and Barcelona, two cities with different post-war experiences, will be conducted to identify effective strategies for designing urban spaces that support peacebuilding initiatives. Drawing insights from these case studies, the study will be applied to the context of Aleppo, a city that has endured prolonged conflict and demands innovative urban solutions. The study will utilize a mixed-methods approach, encompassing a case study review of Aleppo City from an urban perspective and fieldwork involving focus group discussions and semi-structured interviews. The expected outcomes include exploring public spaces' role in peace and war, providing recommendations for architects and urban planners, drawing lessons learned, and proposing practical guidelines for post-war public space reconstruction projects in Aleppo and similar contexts. The study findings aim to inform policymakers and stakeholders about the significance of investing in well-designed urban public spaces to foster sustainable peace and reconciliation. Ultimately, this study endeavors to contribute to the field of post-war reconstruction by highlighting the critical role of urban spaces and professionals in shaping cities for sustainable peace and development.
Urban amalgamation: Sustainable identity and urban regeneration process in historical urban context
Today, apart from globalization, it is significant to increase the awareness of local and authentic city center by providing identity and cultural richness to be shared, protected and adopted to the changing dynamics so as to ensure cultural, physical and social sustainability in the cities. Ulus is a representative case of these city centers that has its own spatial qualities as the authenticity and identity such as historical aspect with its own social and cultural structure and its identity values have been damaged in the transformation process. In this research, the aim is to analyze the regeneration of an urban identity not just from the perspective of physical but also social and spatial dynamics of the area. As a methodology, a theoretical discussion has been conducted in the context of urban identity related to sustainability by discovering urban regeneration. In this context, firstly, management strategies specified for Ulus are designed so as to revitalize its identity. Secondly districts from Ulus have been determined as representative case studies to demonstrate this regeneration process to get the approach from macro to micro scale. On the base of literature review, the meaning of "sense of place" was investigated in detail. The conducted bibliometric analyses within the literature review demonstrated the importance of the place attachment for urban regeneration and sustainable urban identity and a framework with indicators of sense of place and place attachment has been defined for investigation. Based on this framework, with the help of survey observation and mapping techniques, the main result is to understand the importance of the urban identity and urban regeneration process in the historical city center. In conclusion, the problems and the potential solutions have been recommended for a successful transformation process to protect urban identity/authenticity regarding sustainability, while responding to the requirements of users in terms of attractivity and livability.
Out-of-plane behaviour of masonry wall strengthened with carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP)
The masonry walls are widely used in all over the world, especially in historical buildings. Strengthening of the masonry walls is one of the important issues to investigate for the researchers. There are some methods to improve the masonry walls' in-plane or out-of-plane resistance capacities against static or dynamic loading. Fiber Reinforced Polymers (FRP) application is one of these methods used to increase the bearing capacity of masonry walls. The aim of this study was to examine the effectiveness of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) for strengthening the masonry walls. In the study, the out-of-plane failure mechanism of masonry walls, which is frequently encountered during earthquakes, was discussed. Ten 100 mm x 410 mm x 1200 mm masonry walls were fabricated for experimental study. Solid brick that has the dimensions of 50 mm x 100 mm x 200 mm was used in the production of the masonry walls. For mortar, repair mortar was used for ease of production. Nine of the test specimens were strengthened with carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP). Application form of the CFRP (as strip or full layer) and number of layers were adopted as test parameters. Masonry wall specimens were tested under the effect of bending, applying three-point loading. During the experiments the measurements of load and displacement were taken. The behavior of the masonry walls were assessed in terms of ultimate load, the displacement corresponding to the ultimate load, stiffness, and energy dissipation capacity. According to the results obtained, it is concluded that the strengthened masonry walls with CFRP are quite successful against the out-of-plane collapse mechanism. It is thought that the findings of this study can serve as a guide for engineers and architects that have an interest in strengthening masonry walls.
Evaluating the applicability of regional traditionalarchitectural elements in the post-war residential reconstruction phase in Aleppo city
Traditional architecture left us a great legacy, with its aesthetic elements that outperformed the aesthetic stagnation, that accompanied contemporary architecture, As well as its functional and environmental efficiency, without high cost, as well as its suitability to local communities, and their ways of living. Traditional architecture's positive features had a great effective role in contemporary architecture, and the presence of sustainability concept, despite the radical transformations, that took place on the contemporary era. And as a city rich with a long-standing residential architectural heritage, Aleppo city has been exposed to architectural distortions, both environmentally, and aesthetically, In the first place, due to the departure from the Alepine architectural identity, represented by its architectural elements. Then the distortion to the authentic architectural identity of Aleppo increased, while it was damaged during the conflict in Syria, And these distortions began to appear clearly in the architecture of the reconstruction stages, after the crises. So this study purpose is to prove the feasibility of re-employing traditional architectural elements and techniques in the residential architecture of the post-crisis reconstruction phase in Aleppo, In order to benefit from its advantages on the functional, environmental, and aesthetic levels, then to suggest how to use these elements within the contemporary architecture.
Urban development for Cretan exchanged within years after wars, Dörtyol – Icadiye case
Turkey, hosting a large amount of a refugee population, copes with a diverse range of challenges such as accommodation, employment, health services, education, and integration of refugees. These challenges address many types of research seeking solutions for current or future problems. However, Turkey has a long tradition with migrant flows starting with the Balkan Wars. Lessons can be learned from the historic applications and help to form contemporary ones. Balkan migrants arrived in multiple locations both ports and land borders in large numbers and scattered around the Ottoman Empire. In this paper, their journey has been described and a special neighborhood design "Icadiye" was examined in terms of social and cultural sustainability. For generations till today, this site is occupied by Cretan migrants preserving their identity and sustaining their culture for more than a century. Spatial analysis was conducted with site visits and examining archival records. Another parallel analysis was conducted by performing in-depth interviews with the current occupants of the site. Keywords: Balkan Wars, migrant waves, refugee settlements, spatial analysis, Icadiye Neighborhood
The impact of morphology on neighbourhood phenomenon: A comparative analysis of a traditional neighborhood and a gated community
The human is an entity attempting to find a place for himself in the city space based on what is perceived. No matter where people live, they build relationships by interacting with their environment. These relationships are defined by neighborhood bonds inside the physical boundaries of the area, and neighborhood consciousness evolves through time. However today it is apparent that these relationships have been broken in most settlements. When the disintegration have been analyzed, it is noticeable that it advances in parallel with the change in the physical texture of the neighborhood morphology. This raises the question, "What are the components that make a neighborhood a neighborhood?" From past to present, there have been changes in the urban space which also been examined with urban morphology studies. Today, it is feasible to state that there are communities that attempt to preserve their original texture, as well as neighborhoods that may be characterized as gated settlements which were designed with the intention of excluding others. These have a detrimental impact on the morphology of the city with the islands they produce and causes a man-made disaster in the city which damages social relations by human hand. At the same time, it causes a question of the phenomenon of "neighborhood" and "neighborliness". The physical and social differences between the gated community model and the traditional neighborhood have been examined in this study with the analytical framework developed after determining the major criterias which have been defined as safety, sense of belonging and walkability for neighborhood formation and the distinctions between two models have been revealed. Afyon-Bucak Neighborhood has been chosen as a case study for a traditional neighborhood, whereas Ankara-Serhat Neighborhood has been chosen as an example of a contemporary gated community. Keywords: Neighborhood, Gated community, Safety, Sense of belonging, Walkability
Seismic analysis and evaluation of damaged masonry historic buildings
In heritage protection, there is vital necessity to recognize the impending seismic risk in prevailing historic buildings for hazard moderation, Seismic analysis is important for historic buildings because they are often valuable cultural heritage that need to be preserved and protected from seismic damage. the city of Aleppo in Syria, known for its rich cultural heritage and world heritage sites, has been severely affected by a long-lasting war that resulted in significant destruction of its monuments. in this study, to better understand the causes of damage and determine the best intervention approaches, a seismic evaluation of historical buildings is necessary. Seismic analysis is an essential tool in heritage protection as it helps identify vulnerabilities, strengths, and risks of historic buildings. In this study, two historical caravansaries in Aleppo, Al-Adliya Khan and Al-Jadeed Khan, were analyzed dynamically to understand the stress on their joints and slabs under various loads, including seismic loads. Results of the case study were presented to evaluate the performance of the building models under earthquake load using SAP2000 and equivalent explosion-induced seismic effects were estimated and compared with earthquakes to examine the possibility of applying the analogy of seismic forces on historic buildings to understand the damage caused by war explosions, for the purpose of safeguarding the monuments. The analysis of the Adliya khan and Al-Jadeed khan building using the SAP2000 software revealed the presence of significant cracks particularly in wall and around windows. Also, the results of the seismic analysis open the possibility of the collapse of many walls and arches in the historical buildings (Adliya khan and Al-Jadeed khan).
Innovative concrete block solutions for reconstruction
Recycling materials have a significant value in the industry in various aspects. Administrations have been making use of the recycling materials economically and environmentally. By reusing construction waste materials like recycled concrete aggregates, the negative environmental impact of the waste materials can be reduced. The usage of the recycled construction materials can be cost and time effective in various type of construction applications. In recent years, interlocking blocks have been commonly spread in different countries to be an alternative method to conventional blocks for traditional and sustainable buildings, especially in post war/disaster countries. Like the traditional blocks, interlocking blocks can be produced by concrete. The usage of the recycled concrete aggregates in the manufacturing of the interlocking concrete blocks reduces the construction cost and the size of debris. In this thesis, an experimental study conducted to innovate a new design of interlocking concrete block containing recycled aggregates by reducing the consumed time and cost in construction together with an environmental approach. According to this, the designed interlocking concrete blocks were produced manually by using recycled aggregate and wallettes were easily built with a mortarless mechanism by stacking the blocks without any mortar layers. In the experiments, beside the individual compression tests of the two types of interlocking concrete blocks with natural and recycled aggregates, wallette samples produced by interlocking blocks containing either 100 % natural aggregates or 100 % recycled aggregates were tested under the axial compressive loading. The experimental results were assessed by considering the compressive strength, displacement, and failure mode. According to the obtained experimental results, it was noticed that the average compressive strengths of the wallettes produced with natural or recycled aggregate interlocking concrete blocks were large enough to meet the standards in the Syrian regulations, which is considered as an example reference. The resulting displacement values were acceptable and could be negligible in some wallette specimens. At the end of the study, it was concluded that the innovated interlocking concrete blocks with both normal or recycled aggregate could be a good alternative to traditional blocks, especially in post disaster or post war areas.
Towards inclusive urban design: Promoting design for all in Syria
ABSTRACT A comfortable environment is the basis for the quality of life, it is what makes a person satisfied and content in their society, in order to be happy, they desire the availability of access to public services easily without obstacles, and this is what is known as the concept of accessibility. This study aims to highlight the importance of design for all in the urban environments, to provide accessible streets, and the advantages of applying its standards in the Syrian streets, as after the war and the effects it had on the city and citizens. Additionally, most of the streets are designed for vehicles without taking into account services for pedestrians regardless of their physical condition, especially people who require special services (the elderly, the blind, people with strollers and even people with reduced mobility). In order to achieve this aim, three international standards were studied as a literature review (WDU, ADA, and ABNT) and their results were compared with one of the important streets of Aleppo city, which is Ibn Al-Bitar Street, known as Adonis Street, which has been chosen as a case study to implement the potential improvements in terms of design for all/accessibility. Accordingly, to reveal the obstacles that pedestrians in this street face in terms of accessibility, a survey was conducted. Therefore, by following the standards of the study, and the data collected from the survey, we produced solutions to the obstacles of accessibility. Accordingly, the study presents comprehensive recommendations and illustrative proposals for the rehabilitation of services specific to people with reduced mobility and visually impaired, which will encourage the revival of the city and the return of refugees. All of these efforts aim to promote equal opportunities for participation in the society and enhance accessibility in Syrian streets by improving and updating the current standards to be more comprehensive and designed for all. Keywords: Accessible Street, Accessibility, Design for All, Streets Standards, Disability.
Disaster as an opportunity: Passive house design for sustainable architecture in Syria post-war
ABSTRACT Catastrophe in Syria has been an prospect to plan a new reality and offer better living conditions. In other words, post-war rebuilding may present a chance for Syria to display unique originality and quality in upcoming construction and conservation. In this reconstruction the problems such as climate change and its social, environmental, economic, and ethical ramifications, which are widely acknowledged as the most severe collection of interlinked issues confronting human society, should be taken into consideration. These issues do not play a crucial role in current Syria reconstruction. Because of this, this study aims to reveal improvement potential for energy efficiency in Syria. Following this aim, the passive house concept has been introduced as a strategy for energy performance of the Syrian reconstruction. Passive houses are defined as buildings which provides thermal comfort with adequate indoor air quality by preheating or pre-cooling fresh air without the need for additional air circulation. In the study, a case study has been selected to reveal the energy performance and payback period on model testing. Evaluation by selecting a representative passive house. This representative case study has been evaluated with different scenarios which report the differences between initial investment and lifetime expenses, focusing on the payback period. In addition to the existing evaluation, two more scenarios, low-energy and passive housing, have been evaluated and compared in each other. The heating, cooling, and primary energy consumption results have been computed and discussed in a comparison for each scenario. Results showed that low energy, and passive housing technologies are applicable in Syria regarding the improvement needed in professional trade workers and materials. Consequently, it has been revealed that, converting to low-energy or passive house design can save up to 205 kWh/m2 annually, reducing CGC -no less than- 88 kgs CO2/m2. The overall benefits would be a reduction of 74-83.9% on cooling energy and a decrease of 45-55% on primary energy demand. Since energy savings represent one for the most Passive House advantages, the energy prices have a large influence on economic viability of Passive House. Overall, the simple payback, based on a rough cost estimate for all measures combined, would be equal to 7.3 years for the passive house and 5.5 years for low-energy, since it really provides a crucial energy efficiency and reduction in Carbon emissions. Keywords: Passive House, Sustainable Architecture, Post-war Reconstruction, Syria