Theses supervised by Prof. Dr. Erkut Akkartal
18 theses · Yeditepe University
The influence of One Belt One Road project on supply chain management in the context of BTK railway line
In the context of supply chain, the two goals of the belt and road project stands out, such as ensuring barrier free trade and increasing the connectivity. Turkey, situated in the middle corridor of the project, is aiming to become a logistic hub by using its important location. Turkey is very eager to act as a bridge between Europe and Asia and it is among the first countries that expressed positive perspective toward the project. In this regard, Turkey has completed various infrastructure projects like Baku-Tbilisi Railway, Marmaray and Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge for OBOR. These projects created new logistic connection modes by providing logistics integration. In particular, the COVID-19 pandemic forced organizations to consider different routes in logistics. In this study, influence of OBOR project in context of BTK railway line has been searched and studied. As a result of this study, it has been understood that BTK opened new and alternative transportation routes, affecting transportation cost positively. It also provides a price advantage to Turkish exporters and importers.
A panel data analysis on the effects of trade facilitation and trading across borders rankings on macroeconomic variables
Efforts to reduce or remove tariff and non-tariff barriers, facilitating trade and reducing costs in foreign trade, gained momentum with the liberalization of trade in the world. Trade Facilitation is important agenda of the World Trade Organization. Trade facilitation aims to harmonize basic rules among countries to increase efficiency, transparency, and predictability. The studies conducted by the WTO (World Trade Organization) present results for the economic benefit. This study aims to analyze the relationship between trade facilitation and macroeconomic indicators for 63 countries in the period 2007 - 2019 with panel data analysis. Panel regression and panel causality test confirm the significant linkage between trade facilitation and macroeconomic variables.
KSHAL: A web-based innovative software alternative for maritime logistics
The 20th Century was a milestone of evolutionary jumps in the number of critical changes in the business world. Technological innovations have not only been sparkled into our daily lives but also triggered the rise of intelligent systems that are integrating production systems, supply chains, customs authorities, b2b, c2c commercial activities and such. The boost of change came within the companies by the push of innovative technological systems. The internet made this jump more visible and widespread while providing new challenges and opportunities together. Dull software systems evolved into mobile or web-based, fully integrated multilingual assets that helped companies become new winners, or by another name, "record breakers" in the world markets. This thesis aims to enlighten the necessity of shifting companies to upgrade their software infrastructure into web-based, lightweight, budget-wise, feasible, innovative platforms that can create sustainable profitability while simplifying complex organizational problems. KSHAL project, a web-based maritime software alternative, will be the focal point of this thesis as an excellent example of planning, designing, coding, deploying and commercializing the whole software development process in one go.
The effects of pandemic in the civil aviation sector: A research in European region
This thesis study examines the transformation in the process of solving the financial and operational crisis problems faced by airline companies during the pandemic period in general. The main purpose of the thesis is to reveal the details of the transformation of the operational identity of the civil aviation industry with the impact of the Covid-19 outbreak. On this occasion, the conceptual elements in the literature are brought to the fore in the study. In the second part of the study, there is a general framework on the content of epidemic diseases and the effects of epidemic diseases are evaluated. In the third part of the study, there is a research on the civil aviation sector in general, and in this section, the general lines of the sector are tried to be explained with current values. In the fourth part of the study, the general situation of the civil aviation sector during the pandemic process is examined. In this section, the effects of the pandemic on the civil aviation sector, in particular Turkey and the world are analyzed and the changes and transformations experienced in the civil aviation sector are studied with the impact of the pandemic.
Analysis of Iran-Turkey economic relations in perspective: Barriers and mechanisms of promotion
The present study is a comprehensive analysis of the transformation of Iran-Turkey relationships in a historical framework. For this purpose, the political and economic ties between the two countries are examined in depth by taking into consideration the historical changes in their political attitudes towards each other and the trade ties that are affected by many factors. The study also analyzes any determinants that shape the mutual understanding and economic relationships between them. Moreover, it seeks to evaluate any trade barriers and obstacles that impede the free flow of imports and exports. This study argues that the relationships between Iran and Turkey is mainly informed by their regional and international policies and political attitudes towards each other which fluctuates between rivalry and partnership. Finally, the future prospect of the relationship between them is closely analyzed and some suggestions in terms of economic relations and political considerations are proposed to empower their ties and facilitate their trade transactions.
Influence of RFID implementation for logistics management in pandemic era
In today's world, the importance of transaction speed, cost reduction and customer satisfaction is emphasized in every subset of supply chain management. In this direction, RFID applications show several times superiority in all statistics compared to barcodes and other old systems. RFID installations were not preferred because they seemed expensive at first. Over time, the experience on the implementation has revealed that RFID implementations prevent indirect damages, save time and reduce manpower costs. It has made product tracking very easy in warehouse management and transportation areas, which are subsets of supply chain management, and has contributed to the principle of transparency by allowing the end user to track and trace even before the product reaches his hands via mobile applications. It has reasonably reduced the risks of loss and theft in companies that make multimodal transportation at the global level, such as UPS, DHL, FedEx. Apart from these advantages, the quality of use is higher than the old systems. Product identification can be made from distances of 10 meters and above. Many details such as the product's origin, buyer information, product type and quantity are instantly reflected on the data screen. The fact that all these processes are carried out with computer support at this speed also reduces the cost of manpower and prevents errors that may occur by human hands. Especially during the pandemic era, its importance has increased even more as it eliminates human contact and infection.
Digitalization of the international trade and business develeopment
Advances in technology have directly affected many aspects of our lives. Digitalization, which comes with the development of technology, has become a concept that plays a big role in the perspective from our daily life to our business life. In recent years, we can procure the food we eat, the clothes we wear, and even the materials we export and import from the internet. Today, although there are many companies that do not prefer to benefit from technology, these companies lose a great deal of time and cost because they do not use technology. The purpose of my work is to show how important the advantages brought by digitalization are within the scope of business development and international trade, and where exactly they come into play in the process. Apart from the advantages of digitalization, I also aimed to provide information about international trade theories, international trade institutions/organizations, the history and stages of business development. While preparing my thesis, my main hypothesis was that the digitalization phenomenon is a time and cost saving concept for companies serving in the field of international trade. According to the data I obtained as a result of the literature review, I made; It contains information on how much it facilitates the business development process and international trade. As I mentioned above, I used the literature review method while preparing my thesis. I also resorted to collecting information using the survey method to help me control the data I obtained. As a result of my studies, I have learned that technology and digitalization in the developing world order affect all areas of our lives, as well as areas such as international trade and business development, and provide and will provide great benefits in terms of time and economy. With my study, I aimed to contribute to the literature with data such as the history of trade, international trade theories, business development models and the explanation of the concepts brought by digitalization.
The mediating role of organizational cynicism perceived by employees on the effect on applied managerial power sources on the intention to quit
In this study, it was tried to determine the mediating role of organizational cynicism perceptions of employees in the effect of managerial power sources applied by five-star hotel management managers on their intention to leave. The research universe of the study is the five-star hotel businesses in Istanbul. The sample of the research consists of 272 hotel employees determined by random sampling method among the employees in these enterprises, and the survey method was used in the research. Data were collected by face-to- face and online survey method. The data obtained as a result of the research were analyzed through the statistical program called SPSS. In this context, correlation analysis was performed to determine the relationships between the variables. As a result of the analysis; a negative and significant relationship was found between managerial power sources, organizational cynicism and turnover intention. A positive and significant relationship was found between organizational cynicism and turnover intention. Regression analysis was performed to look at the effects of variables on each other. As a result of this analysis; it has been seen that managerial power sources have a negative and significant effect on turnover intention and organizational cynicism. It was determined that organizational cynicism had a positive and significant effect on intention to leave. The Sobel test was applied to determine the mediating role of organizational cynicism perceptions of employees in the effect of applied managerial power sources on their intention to leave. According to the results of the analysis, it was determined that the mediating role of organizational cynicism was significant in the effect of managerial power sources on turnover intention.
Improvement of forecasting approaches by using wavelet coherence method and multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis
This thesis comprehensively explores the multifractal structure characterizing precious metal prices and their dynamic relationships. Utilizing advanced techniques such as Vector Fractionally Integrated Autoregressive Moving Average (V-FARIMA) modeling and Multifractal Cross-Correlation Detrended Moving Average Analysis (MF-X-DMA), the research delivers critical insights into forecasting accuracy and risk-return tradeoff in commodities investments. The initial portion of the research hones in on the multifractal structure inherent in precious metal prices, with a particular emphasis on periods of financial instability. The insights gathered in this phase contribute significantly to constructing precise predictions for commodity price variations, empowering investors to make knowledgeable decisions, manage risks effectively, and protect their investments even in a turbulent market. The study then investigates the dynamic relationship between the return rates of gold and platinum, discovering substantial connections across varying frequencies and time frames. This finding supports the concept of co-movement behavior in commodities markets, further influencing risk management, portfolio diversification techniques, and the formation of effective trading strategies. A notable discovery in this research is the consistent comovement over long periods of time as indicated by the constancy in Hölder exponents at lower frequencies. This result not only validates the proposed forecasting approach but also opens potential avenues for future investigations in the field. The first section presents the effectiveness of the V-FARIMA model, emphasizing its superiority in forecasting the Hölder exponents of multifractal precious metal time series. The V-FARIMA model shows promise in spotting underlying trends and patterns in data, increasing our comprehension of price movements in precious metal markets, leading to improved investment decisions. Subsequently, the study employs the MF-X-DMA for multifractal time series with significant coherence, confirming the presence of multifractal cross-correlation between gold and platinum at all scales. In spite of lower correlations, the two commodities still display long-term power-law cross-correlation, a finding of immense value for diversified investment portfolios. The study finishes with a notable affirmation of the MF-X-DMA approach's superiority to the MF-DFA technique in reliably detecting long-term memory in co-movement time series. The combination of continuous wavelet transform (CWT) and MF-X-DMA methodologies provides new insights into the true dynamics of the gold and platinum markets, helping to shape future investment strategies and risk management procedures.
A study on the effects of small and medium enterprises development organization (KOSGEB) advanced entrepreneur support program on SMEs
Entrepreneurship is considered as the driving force of the economy, especially for developing countries. Enterprises not only bring vitality to the economy but also create new employment opportunities and ensure the preservation of socio-economic balance. The degree of commercialization of technological and scientific developments also depends on entrepreneurial activities. Therefore, the sustainability of economic development is possible by spreading the culture of entrepreneurship to society. However, with globalization, the competition between businesses has moved from the local to the global level. Financing is one of the most serious problems of entrepreneurial SMEs. In Turkey, the concept of entrepreneurship is almost identified with Small and Medium Enterprises Development Organization (KOSGEB). KOSGEB's duties and responsibilities are to create a healthy entrepreneurial ecosystem, develop and support entrepreneurship, promote entrepreneurship culture, solve employment problems, and finally bring businesses to a competitive level in the international market. This study aims to examine the contributions of the Advanced Entrepreneur Support Program implemented by KOSGEB to the small and medium enterprises. The results of the study conducted with the entrepreneurs who started the support process by giving a commitment within the scope of the Advanced Entrepreneur Support Program between the years 2019 and 2022 were evaluated. It has been observed that the program has positive effects on issues such as the number of employed personnel, net sales revenue, and exports. In addition, the relations between the variables affecting the support rates and the economic indicators were examined by hypothesis tests.
Comparative analysis of London and Istanbul real estate markets
Londra ve İstanbul, bölgesel önemleri nedeniyle küresel yatırımcıları cezbeden iki büyük gayrimenkul piyasasıdır. Ancak, Londra uzun vadeli yatırım açısından daha güvenli ve kârlı bir ortam sunmaktadır. Londra piyasası, finansal istikrar, sıkı düzenlemeler ve şeffaf fiyatlandırma sistemleriyle karakterize edilirken; İstanbul'da ise siyasi belirsizlik, enflasyon ve tutarsız denetim mekanizmaları yatırımcı endişelerini artırmaktadır. Londra'nın başlıca avantajlarından biri, İstanbul'a kıyasla daha yüksek düzeydeki siyasi ve ekonomik istikrarıdır. Birleşik Krallık'ın net mali politikaları ve kurumsal şeffaflığı, hem yerli hem de yabancı yatırımcıların gayrimenkul işlemlerine güvenle katılımını kolaylaştırmaktadır. Londra ayrıca, çeşitlilik arz eden uluslararası nüfusu ve küresel şirketlerin güçlü varlığı sayesinde istikrarlı bir kira talebine sahiptir. İstanbul piyasası ise yüksek nüfus, canlı inşaat sektörü ve ekonomik dönüşümle birlikte büyüme göstermiş olsa da, daha dalgalı bir yapı sergilemektedir. Deprem riski, yetersiz altyapı ve düzenleyici denetim eksiklikleri yatırım ortamını daha da karmaşık hâle getirmektedir. Buna karşılık, Londra'nın kentsel planlama uygulamaları, yapı standartları ve kiracı koruma yasaları yatırımcı güvenini artırmaktadır. Londra gayrimenkul piyasası aynı zamanda daha çeşitlidir; kompakt dairelerden lüks konutlara kadar geniş bir mülk yelpazesi sunmaktadır. Şehrin gelişmiş altyapısı, küresel bağlantıları ve finans merkezi olarak sahip olduğu itibar, sürekli talep ve yüksek kira getirileri sağlamaktadır. Brexit ve küresel ekonomik belirsizliklere rağmen Londra, sermaye yatırımları açısından tercih edilen bir destinasyon olmayı sürdürmektedir. İstanbul'da gayrimenkul fiyatları daha uygun olmakla birlikte, piyasa daha yüksek riskler taşımaktadır. Hızlı kentleşme, enflasyon ve yönetişim sorunları getiri üzerinde olumsuz etkiler yaratabilir. İstanbul, bazı çevresel bölgelerde daha cazip hâle gelmekle birlikte, genel olarak uzun vadeli değer, yatırımcı koruması ve küresel öneme sahip olma açısından Londra öncülüğünü korumaktadır. Sonuç olarak, her iki şehir de kendine özgü yatırım fırsatları sunsa da, Londra gayrimenkul yatırımı için daha istikrarlı ve güvenilir bir tercih olarak öne çıkmaktadır. Ekonomik dayanıklılığı, şeffaf piyasa yapısı ve sürekli talep, Londra'yı küresel yatırımcılar için öncelikli kılmaktadır. İstanbul ise potansiyel taşımakla birlikte, Londra'nın uzun vadeli büyüme açısından sunduğu düzenleyici ve yapısal temellere henüz sahip değildir.Mevcut durumu değerlendirmek ve araştırma sorularını yanıtlamak amacıyla tanımlayıcı istatistiksel analiz yöntemleri kullanılmıştır. Bulgular, özellikle ekonomik, siyasi ve doğal afet riskleri açısından değerlendirildiğinde, Londra'nın İstanbul emlak piyasasına kıyasla daha cazip bir yatırım destinasyonu olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır.
Awareness of clean energy use in internationaltrade and logistics companies
This study examines the evolution of the awareness of the sectors that play an active role in the field of international trade and logistics, regarding the use of clean energy, from history to the 21st century, the applications used today and the dynamics shaped by political obligations, specifically in Turkey. Starting from the first purposes of using clean energy in history, the attitudes of companies in this field, the advantages and obstacles they face today are examined. In the study, it is observed that due to the increasing environmental impacts of fossil fuels and their exhaustibility, the trend towards renewable resources is gaining momentum and they are preferred as alternative energy solutions in logistics and international trade activities. It is seen that clean energy was first used together with sustainable energy sources such as water, wind and solar energy after the industrial revolution. The necessary details regarding the operation of sustainable resources are explained in the study. It is emphasized in this study that the reason for the transition to clean energy is not only the depletion of fossil fuels and the environmental pollution it causes, but also the political obligations brought by international agreements such as the Montenegro Agreement and the EU Green Deal direct companies to green transformation. The minimum training that logistics companies should provide to their employees regarding the use and awareness of clean energy is researched and mentioned.
Successful creation and management of a modern brand
This study aimed to analyze the process of successful creation and management of a modern brand. In the research, the phenomenology research approach was adopted, and the in-depth interview technique as one of the qualitative research methods was utilized. Research findings implied that the needs and opinions of consumers are crucial to the decision-making process and strategy formulation in brand management. A company's brand promotion and long-term viability in today's digital landscape need constant attention. For long-term success in promoting and selling the brand to wide audiences, social media utilization is crucial. However, in this process, it will benefit the business to appoint professionals as social media responsible in order to reduce potential negative outcomes, such as public misperceptions and damage to the company's reputation. The reach and sway of social media shares in the purchase decision process are remarkable. According to the findings of this study, brand managers and expert teams are the true backbones of successful firms. Today, businesses should give importance to the brand management process much more and it will be necessary to be successful in conveying the activities of the brand to larger masses by using social media tools, in the presence of experts and in a certain amount of budget allocation, in providing selectivity in visual and auditory perception. It is anticipated that the findings of this research would provide direction for the brand management operations of enterprises. Based on the information in the thesis, it will be in the best interest of businesses to come up with plans for how to handle their brand management processes in the future. Key Words: Brand, creation, management, business, strategy.
The impact of IOT on supply chain integrations & agility on supply chain performance in the retail sector in Türkiye
In the highly competitive retail sector, supply chain efficiency is paramount for ensuring timely delivery, cost-effectiveness, and customer satisfaction. Efficient supply chains can significantly enhance a company's ability to respond to market demands and maintain a competitive edge. However, the supply chain systems in Türkiye's retail industry face significant challenges, including inefficiencies, lack of real-time data visibility, and difficulties in adapting to market changes. These issues hinder the overall performance and sustainability of the supply chains, leading to increased operational costs and reduced customer satisfaction. Specifically, there is a pressing need for a more efficient design of the logistic network, necessitating the study of specific variables to enhance logistics operations. The aim of this study is to identify the interrelationship between the Internet of Things (IoT), Supply Chain Agility (SCA), and Supply Chain Integration (SCI) and their overall effect on Supply Chain Performance (SCP) within the retail sector's supply chain. The IoT possesses significant potential to transform supply chain operations by augmenting decision-making capabilities, promoting enhanced transparency, and enabling better coordination among the various stakeholders within the supply chain. This transformative capability arises from its provision of real-time connectivity and data. The efficacy of supply chain management is dependent upon its ability to promptly adapt to changes in the market landscape. Moreover, the integration of the supply chain encompasses a wide range of activities and the collaborative relationships among partners. To fulfill the purpose of the study, a quantitative analysis using structural equation modelling (SEM) was conducted using Amous software. Basic Condition Modeling (SEM) constitutes a vigorous measurable strategy that encourages the concurrent examination of complex interrelationships among different factors. This technique gives a comprehensive system for assessing the impact of the appropriation of Web of Things (IoT) advances on Supply Chain Integration (SCI) and dexterity, whereas explaining how these components in this way affect generally supply chain execution. The results obtained from the analysis significantly prove the positive impact of IoT, SCA, and SCI on SCP. The findings elucidate that the implementation of Internet of Things (IoT) technology enhances connectivity and facilitates instantaneous data accessibility, which subsequently promotes advanced integration and agility within the supply chain. Such advancements render the supply chain more resilient and cohesive, thereby enabling it to respond promptly to fluctuations in the market, ultimately resulting in improved efficiency. By integrating IoT, Supply Chain Analytics (SCA), Supply Chain Integration (SCI), and Supply Chain Planning (SCP), this research contributes to the existing body of knowledge and provides insightful information regarding the pivotal role of IoT in developing responsive, effective, and sustainable supply chains within Turkey's retail sector. The contribution of this study to the existing body of literature is substantial, this research addresses a significant deficiency in the existing literature, as, despite numerous investigations into supply chain management and the Internet of Things across various contexts, there is a lack of comprehensive studies examining the impact of IoT on supply chain performance specifically within Turkey. By explaining this difference, the investigate offers basic viewpoints for both professionals and policymakers inside the retail division. Partners have the opportunity to expand supply chain deftness and integration by recognizing the imperative commitment of IoT advances in improving by and large supply chain adequacy. The investigate emphasizes the significance of grasping modern advances such as the Web of Things to address existing wasteful aspects and challenges predominant within the supply chain. It highlights the basic of a comprehensive supply chain administration technique that leverages IoT to cultivate made strides integration, straightforwardness, and responsiveness. Subsequently, retail undertakings may accomplish predominant supply chain viability, which comes full circle in increased client fulfillment, diminished operational consumptions, and a more invaluable position inside the commercial center. Keywords: Company Performance, IoT, Supply Chain Integration, Supply Chain Agility, Structural Equation Modeling
The effects of social media usage on e-commerce: Comparison of generation X, Y, Z
The increasing usage of social media by people day by day and spending time on social media tools lead them to be exposed to some influencers. In today's conditions, individuals using social media are informed about a product/service without realizing it, and this situation actually turns into a secret or direct marketing strategy for companies. There are many studies from past to present about how much individuals exposed to these influencers are affected by social media and how it affects their purchasing behavior as a behavior. However, as stated in the literature, the habits of individuals on the use of social media and e-commerce sites have increased after the Pandemic in 2022. It is the main purpose of this study to investigate whether the widespread use of social media today is effective in purchasing behaviors through e-commerce sites and to determine the intergenerational differences. In the study, not only generational groups but also differences in gender, income level, education status, monthly income, and time spent on social media were examined. The survey results applied to 456 people aged 18 and over were tested with the help of the SPSS statistics program. The findings show that there are differences between generational groups and other groups in the use of social media on e-commerce sites. All findings are detailed in the research of the findings section, and in the conclusion section, they are discussed again and guidance is provided for future studies.
Risk assessment of international logistics in tunnel projects - Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM)
Nowadays, it is observed that are preferred underground roads and subways instead of above ground roads in order to interconnect the main road junction points, on account of the urban traffic congestion. Additionally, the Tunnel Boring Machines are utilized to excavate, utility tunnels that are to say such as electrical, water, sewerage, telephone, natural gas installation tunnels, and furthermore underground tunnels such as subway, road tunnels. The logistics and procurement processes of these machines, which are generally known as Tunnel Boring Machines (TBM), have come into prominence role within this context. Based upon experiences acquired in this thesis, information provided about this thesis as well as information regarding some risk factors to be avoided will be shared; starting from the success stories about TBM procurement and logistics processes. The entire supply chain; elapsing starting by the requirements' planning of choosing the most suitable TBM by the project management until its disassembly and shipping back at the end of the Project; will be treated. The machine consisted of five main components such as Cutting Wheel (Cutter Head), and Concrete Segment, Gantries, Conveyor Belt and Tunnel Shield. A successful TBM logistics organization requires the delivery of TBM; including heavy equipment of non-standard dimensions with extraordinary logistic processes from one place to another by non-standard methods, alongside with successful loading, transportation and unloading operations and achievement without any problem of the customs clearance formalities and also accomplishment of the assembling works and delivery to tunnelling area.
Internet of things (IOT): The impacts of the IOT on economic, industry, and technology
The Internet of Things has come a long way since yesterday. The IoT has had a significant impact on the economy and social life. It is estimated that these effects will continue to increase in the future. In this study, the economic effects of these effects, which can be measured in particular, will be discussed. At the beginning of economic effects, the relationship between economic data, in other words, macroeconomic data, and the significance of these relationships are taken as the basis in this study. This research on the relationship between economic data and the Internet of objects may be one of the main documents that reveal the effects of this issue on the sector and social life. Macroeconomic data includes various indices that affect the economy. The relationship between these indices and their future values will help us make some predictions about the internet of objects. In this study, correlations between the indices such as global commitment index, national income per capita and development indices were searched and the relations between them were interpreted and various hypotheses and hypotheses about the power of objects to affect our future life were tested and these hypotheses were tested with statistical tests. Keywords: IoT, Economy, RFID, Transportations, SCM, Blockchain.
EU Emission Trading System: Intermodal solutions to meet requirements
Escalating sensitivity and global awareness towards the climate change are pushing supranational organisations to apply strict policies to prevent irreversible outcomes. European Union, the biggest trade partner of Turkey, launched the first multinational and the most comprehensive emission trading scheme in 2005. EU ETS covers 45% or the emissions created by the member countries, while the rest 55% is regulated by Effort Sharing Decision. Transportation sector is not included in the EU ETS yet, however it is still governed by the ESD. EU is focusing on the climate change phenomenon not only by regulations, but also with investments in infrastructures especially for more efficient land transportation. The principles, weaknesses and opportunities of EU ETS and other regulatory policies and investments developed by the EU authorities are analysed to make recommendations for Turkish road transportation sector to comply, moreover, take advantage of those regulations. In order to support the thesis with quantitative results, independent samples T -Test is used. The shift from unimodal road transportation to multimodal transportation is found essential for the future of Turkish road transportation sector. Key words: Climate change, EU ETS, Effort Sharing Decision, Turkish Road Transportation Sector, Multimodality