Theses supervised by Prof. Dr. Nurdan Büyükkamacı
11 theses · Dokuz Eylül University
Bilgisayar simülasyonu ile membran biyoreaktör sisteminde enerji optimizasyonu için örnek çalışma: Konacık belediyesi
In this thesis, designing and operating conditions of existing treatment plant units compared to the results with ATV-DVWK-A 131 E standards for Konacık Municipality in Bodrum Domestic Wastewater Treatment. After then decreasing of energy consumption of the treatment plant was aimed and a computer simulation program (BioWin) was used for this purpose. In order to minimize the operational costs depending on energy consumption, two alternative operating strategies were generated by using BioWin program. At the end of the study, existing treatment plant operating data, results of calculations made considering ATV-DVWK-A 131 E standards, and results of the simulation program were compared. Existing design and operational conditions were confirmed according to ATV-DVWK-A 131 E standards and the most cost effective and appropriate operational condition considering effluent quality was determined.
Temperature effects on the performance of an anaerobic membrane biorector
Temperature is the one of the most significant parameter which affects the efficiency of the biological reactors. Treatment efficiency is usually higher in anaerobic biological systems operated at high temperatures. Especially, removal of organic matters under mesophilic conditions is much more than according to the psychrophilic conditions. However, heating the anaerobic reactors requires energy and it causes high operating costs.In membrane systems, increasing temperature decreases the viscosity and increase of the flux becomes at high temperatures. Thermophilic systems could be accepted more advantageous because increase of the flux is a preferred situation in membrane operating. However, increase of the temperature can change the anaerobic biological reactor as qualification and quantity.Operating a laboratory scale anaerobic membrane bioreactor at different temperatures and determining how operating temperature affect the system efficiency are the main purpose of this study. A laboratory scale side-stream anaerobic membrane bioreactor was operated under mesophilic and thermophilic conditions for this aim. The model reactor was consisted of an anaerobic bioreactor (UASB) connected to a membrane module (UF). Synthetic wastewater consisted of diluted molasses was used in this study. The anaerobic reactor was operated in two influent COD concentrations as 5,000 and 10,000 milligram per liter at both mesophilic and thermophilic conditions. Efficiency in the system was examined that considering the COD removal and methane formation parameters. Also, the effects of temperature alterations were determined on flux.
Application of an anaerobic biomembrane system on the treatment of high strength industrial wastewaters
In the scope of this thesis, performance of a laboratory scale side-stream anaerobic biomembrane system was evaluated. System was composed of an upflow sludge blanket reactor (UASB) and Ultrafiltration (UF) membrane. Diameter and volume of the anaerobic reactor was 20 centimeter and 10 liter, respectively. Water jacket was used to get access to mesophilic conditions in the reactor. Pall Microza SLP-1053 hollow fiber UF membrane module was used after the anaerobic reactor. Molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) and surface area of the membrane was 10 kilo Dalton and 0.1 square meters, respectively.Synthetic wastewater consisted of diluted molasses was used. Before membrane commissioning, low organic loading rates (OLR) were applied in order to get steady-state conditions in the anaerobic reactor. After that, OLR was increased up to 15 kilogram COD per cubic meter per day step by step. As a result of the experimental studies, minimum COD removal efficiencies were obtained at lowest HRT applications. A maximum efficiency of 95 percent at OLR of 7.5 kilogram COD per cubic meter per day and HRT of 2 day was achieved. The efficiency of the system decreased with increasing organic loading rate.At the end of the study, kinetic parameters of the system were determined by applying some biokinetic models.
Membran biyoreaktör sistemlerin modellenmesi
As a result of the ever-increasing the world population, declining fresh water source has given rise to the need for conservation management of wastewater more efficiently. Accordingly, it has increased the need of wastewater reuse applications. Especially due to the benefits of the low space requirement and nutrient removal, the important of the membrane bioreactor (MBR) has emerged. Obtaining better quality effluent with the expansion of membrane bioreactor, wastewater can be reused and accordingly, fresh water sources can be protected more effectively. It is obvious that the increase in the efficiency of wastewater treatment with the use of membranes in the biological processes provides an important contribution to the protection of water sources. To achieve targeted results with the use of membrane bioreactor processes, system design and determination of the optimum operating parameters have a great importance. For this reason, the issues that must be considered for membrane bioreactor design are investigated and the design phases described in this study. The bioreactor design was made according to the ATV-DVWK-A 131 E design criteria for the municipal wastewater. The required bioreactor volume and oxygen demand were calculated according to the different MLSS, SRT and Recycle Ratio and the results were compared for integrated and separated MBR system. Consequently, examining the effects of the some important parameters on the operational of membrane bioreactor system were tried to determine. Keywords: Membrane bioreactor (MBR), desig, wastewater treatment, ATVDVWK-A 131 E.
Public opinion on water reuse applications in Turkey
Nowadays, water resources are rapidly polluted and run out importance. Depending on the population growth, water demand and wastewater generation will increase in the future. Many communities throughout the world are approaching, or have already reached, the limits of their available water supplies. Hence, water reclamation and reuse have almost become necessary for conserving and extending available water supplies. The recycling and reusing of water have a great importance. However, negative response of the public on water reuse creates some problems in application. Therefore, public should be informed and common fallacies needs to be changed. This study was planned and a survey sheet (questionnaire) was prepared. There are some questions related with participant?s age, gender, education, income range and fifteen questions about water reuse in the survey. This questionnaire was sent to different regions of Turkey and 375 questionnaires were returned. Questionnaires after collection, these data was evaluated with SPSS statistical analysis and excel programs. The results of survey studies will be given opinion of Turkish people on water reuse applications. According to study results; participants have suspicion about reuse of treated wastewater.
Fosforun vivianit olarak geri kazanımının değerlendirilmesi
Phosphorus is essential for all living things and its recovery is a vital issue for the world. Existing practices have limitations in terms of efficiency and applicability and more economical and efficient phosphate recovery techniques are needed. If iron and phosphate are present and relatively less sulphide concentrations are present, vivianite an iron phosphate mineral, is formed in anaerobic conditions. Vivianite is a valuable mineral used in some industrial facilities and agricultural activities. Therefore, recovery of phosphorus from wastewater based on vivianite formation not only contributes to the sustainable use of phosphorus, but also provides potential economic opportunities. In this study, it was aimed to determine the recovery potential of phosphorus as vivianite and to evaluate the effects of operational conditions on phosphorus recovery. For this purpose, lab-scale semi-batch completely mixed crystallizer reactor (CSTR) was first used. After then, a lab-scale fluidized bed reactor (FBR) was operated based on the results obtained from the CSTR. Sodium phosphate solution and iron chloride solution was used as a phosphorus containing synthetic wastewater and as an iron source, respectively. In CSTR studies, the effects of pH, Fe:P ratio, Fe feeding rate, and P concentration for vivianite crystallization were investigated. In FB studies, the effect of seed material, P concentration, and recycle ratio was examined. As a result of all experimental studies, vivianite formation was observed in both reactors and confirmed by SEM, XRD, SEM EDS analyzes. P removal efficiencies of up to 50-69% has been achieved by vivianite crystallization. No precipitation was observed when the phosphorus concentration fell below 50 mg/L. Therefore, it was determined that wastewater with a high phosphorus concentration is more suitable for vivianite crystallization.
Binalarda su kazanımı potansiyeli: Gri suyun yeniden kullanımı
Greywater treatment and reuse is an alternative to provide non-potable water to households and reduce the fresh water usage. The aim of the study was to evaluate the water saving potential of buildings. A 5-story building was chosen as case study and the existed fixtures of this building were determined. The amount of total wastewater and greywater was calculated regarding to average accepted values. It was assumed that 48 people are living in this building, considering 12 apartments in the building and four people live in each apartment. Total amount of wastewater and greywater was calculated as 9600 and 5900 litre per day, respectively. To collect greywater separately, some infrastructure modifications are required. Therefore, new fixtures were designed for the separation of greywater from black water. The cost of existing fixture implementation and new fixture installation was determined as 13,282 dollars and 13,990 dollars, respectively. It was assumed that separately collected greywater will be treated by a constructed wetland system. The treatment system was consisted of a two-way valve, a coarse filter, an equalization tank, a vegetated submerged bed wetland, and UV disinfection. It was assumed that treated greywater is pumped to the 5 metre cubic storage tank and it is used for toilet flushing and irrigation of garden. As a result, water saving potential of this building, and the investment and operational cost of the reuse of greywater were calculated. Based on these data, the amortization period of additional investments was determined as 6 years.
Sürdürülebilir ulaşım için yaşam döngüsü analizi uygulaması
In human life, transportation is one of the most important activities and needs. In terms of sustainable transportation, it is very important to select appropriate project for the least damage to the environment. The road superstructure needs to be renewed over time due to wearing caused by high load, climatic conditions, and improper construction materials. One or more lane or the entire lanes are generally closed during road renovation works. As a result, traffic flow conditions change and normal function of the road is deteriorated due to closed lanes. In this thesis, SIDRA Intersection analysis program and GaBi life cycle analysis software were used to determine the environmental effects caused by different lane changes during road renewal. In the scope of the study, entrance intersection of Mavişehir in İzmir was chosen as an example and it was accepted that 100 meters superstructure would be undergoing renovation works. Firstly, SIDRA program was calibrated by making observations at the signalized intersection. SIDRA program was then used to calculate the relevant fuel consumption in scenarios based on lane changes due to traffic emissions resulting from traffic delays and road renewal activities. Finally, life cycle analysis studies have been conducted for each scenario to determine the environmental impacts by considering both the materials to be used for road renewal and traffic delays. In life cycle impact analysis phase, eight different environmental impact categories were considered. The results obtained in the life cycle analysis were compared according to the scenarios produced for each impact category.
Antalya için sürdürülebilir çamur yönetimi seçeneklerinin değerlendirilmesi
One of the most important issues in the operation of the wastewater treatment plant is the management of sludge. In Turkey, domestic/municipal wastewater treatment plants; in 2014, approximately 620,000 tones dry matter of sludge was produced and this amount is expected to be about 895,000 tones dry matter of for 2023. Currently, the most suitable solutions for the management of sewage sludge are being investigated and many projects are being carried out about this subject. In this thesis, it is aimed to make suggestions for the management of domestic and industrial sludges produced in Antalya. For this purpose, based on the year 2017, some information compiled about the amount of existing sewage sludge, the sludge disposal methods and the problems encountered. The most important reason for the sludge problem in Antalya is, the varying wastewater flow rates cause of tourist population and the amount of sludge produced as a result of this change during the year. This situation causes sludge production much higher than the expected sludge amount when the city population is taken into consideration and it makes management quite difficult. In the first stage of the study, population projection was carried out to calculate the amount of sludge to be produced in 2037. The capacity increase is foreseen for industrial sludge, and the quantity estimate was made accordingly to this. Considering the locations and capacities of existing sludge disposal treatments (drying plant, incineration plant, landfilling, cement plants, etc.); various scenarios have been produced for the management of sludges. According to the scenarios, necessary investment costs and sludge transportation costs were calculated.
Seramik endüstrisinde buhar kondensatının yeniden kullanımı
Ceramic production processes are raw material storage, blending, dry or wet grinding, milling, humidification or spray dryer, pressing, drying, glazing, firing, and separation, respectively. The raw materials are milled with water in wet grinding process. The mass to be pressed must be dried to certain moisture content and spray dryers are usually used for this aim. In the ceramic production facilities, a pressurized centrifugal spray nozzle system is generally used to atomize the solution. The spray dryer essentially consists of chamber, of which a shape and volume designed to allow heat exchange with the sprayed sludge and hot air/combustion gas. The finest particles in the spray drying chamber are first separated by cyclones and then by dust traps. Finally, the steam is discharged from the chimney. Within the scope of this thesis, the reusability of this released steam after condensation was investigated. For this purpose, a ceramic production plant was selected as a pilot plant. There are 15 spray dryers in three different locations in the pilot plant. They have a total steam production capacity of 41,100 liters/hour at maximum capacity. The temperature of steam discharged from the chimney is in the range of 90-115 °C. It contains air, water vapor, and suspended dusts. In the scope of the thesis, water recovery from steam by condensation and use of recovered water for the grinding of raw materials in the mill were investigated. In addition, the environmental impacts of the pilot plant in the existing conditions and in the case of water recovery from steam were determined by life cycle analysis approach.
Kuartz yüzey üretimi için yaşam döngüsü analizi
One of the most prevalent minerals in the Earth's crust is quartz, which is consisted of silicon dioxide. It is one of the hardest natural material and, it is scratch and stain resistant, and non-porous. Bacteria and mold do not grow easily on quartz counters; therefore, it is widely used for kitchen and bathroom counters. In quartz surface production, quartz, mirror and glass fracture, seashell, silicon carbide, resin, pigment, some catalysts, and cobalt is used as raw materials. Natural gas, electricity, and water is used in the production processes. Water is mainly consumed in polishing step and wastewater is produced during this process. In addition to wastewater, solid wastes including rubbles, sludge, packing material, and air emissions are produced in this sector. In the scope this thesis, determination of environmental impacts of quartz surface manufacturing was aimed. A pilot plant, which production capacity is one million m2 of quartz surface per year, was chosen for this aim. To evaluate the environmental effects of the plant, the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) approach was used. Functional unit was selected to be m2 of surface production. Raw material transportation, quartz surface production, and wastewater treatment phases were taken into consideration in the LCA analysis. All input and output of each phases was determined for the pilot plant. The LCA studies were carried out using the GaBi Software (Thinkstep, Germany). CML 2001 (Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University) impact assessment method was used to evaluate the environmental impacts.