Theses supervised by Prof. Dr. Kadir Aydın
25 theses · Çukurova University
Effect of oxygenate additives into gasoline for improved fuel properties
Automotive gasoline and gasoline-oxygenate blends are used in internal combustion spark-ignition engines. Gasoline is a complex mixture of relatively volatile hydrocarbons that vary widely in their physical and chemical properties. The gasoline may be blended, or may be required to be blended, with oxygenates to improve the octane rating, extend the fuel supply, or reduce vehicle exhaust emissions.In this study, the effect of oxygenate additives into gasoline is researched for the improvement of physical and chemical properties of blends. Methanol, ethanol, Methyl Tert Butyl Ether (MTBE), Di-isopropyl ether (DIPE), Tert amyl alcohol (TAA), Tert butyl alcohol (TBA) have been blended into unleaded gasoline with various blended rates of 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%. Physical and chemical properties of blends were analyzed by the standard American Society fir Testing and Materials (ASTM) methods.Keywords: Oxygenates, Alcohols, MTBE, DIPE, TAA, TBA.
Designing of a fuel cell vehicle (Fcv)
Decreasing of petrol and petrol derivative energy sources together with increasing of production cost of these sources, turning towards the alternative energy sources is seen on different places in the world. Attention is paid with environmental sensitiveness while searching for the new alternative energy sources. Hydrogen is an alternative energy source which is a clean energy source and environmentally friendly alternative to conventional fossil fuels.In this study, two different fuel cell vehicles, which use hydrogen as fuel, have been designed to eliminate the exit of hazardous gases to atmosphere and to supply more efficient fuel usage and to show their performance to the automotive industry. Performances, fuel economy and emissions of these vehicles have been investigated.
Development of biodiesel production processes and additives for improvement of diesel performance and emissions
Biodiesel is an alternative fuel for diesel engines that is receiving great attention world wide. It is renewable, it can be used either pure or in blends with diesel fuel in unmodified diesel engines and it reduces some exhaust pollutants. It can be produced easily from common feedstocks. Nowadays, production of biodiesel from different non-edible feedstocks and effects on performance and emissions in compression ignition engines are great interests.In this work, Ricinus Communis oil, Pistacia Terebinthus oil and waste chicken oil were used as feedstock for the biodiesel production. In addition to biodiesel production, engine performance and exhaust emission experimental studies were performed. As a result, the objective of this study was to explore the utility of Ricinus Communis oil, Pistacia Terebinthus oil and waste chicken oil as a potential source of biodiesel fuel.
Performance and exhaust emission characteristics of a CI engine fueled with synthesized fuel blends
In this study; new fuel blends were developed by using biofuels which would be used in today?s modern diesel vehicles without any modification and any problem. In order to improve the worst properties of biodiesel compared to diesel fuel, different hydrocarbons were used as fuel additives. 45 different fuel blends were prepared with 10% to 50% rapeseed biodiesel, 35% to 85% low sulphur diesel fuel and 5% to 15% different hydrocarbons (n-hexane, n-heptane and xylene) additive.The fuel properties of blends (such as density, heat of combustion, Cetane number and viscosity) were measured and compared with diesel fuel. It was found that, the fuel properties of 5% to 10% alkenes blends were too close to the standard limit for diesel fuel and these blends could be used directly in diesel engines. Although the performance results indicated that there was a decrease in maximum torque 0.57% and increase in specific fuel consumption 1.04% the suitable blend was M50RSB40HX10 with an increased power rating 15.31%.
Performance and emission characteristics of butanol and gasoline mixtures in a spark ignition engine
Petrol and petroleum based fuels resources are declining and their productioncosts are increasing rapidly. In addition, these fuels cause several environmentalpollutions. For this reason, researches about alternative fuels are increasing in orderto reduce production cost, decrease environmental pollution and increase efficiency.LPG, natural gas, biodiesel and some derivatives of alcohol like ethanol andmethanol are good examples for alternative fuels. Some of these fuels can be used aspure or as blends with derivatives of petrol.In this experimental study, affects of fuel blends that are prepared by mixingbutanol with gasoline at volumetric rate of 5%, 10% and 15% to performance andexhaust emissions of a petrol engine were investigated. Firstly, pure unleadedgasoline and pure butanol were tested according to ASTM standards, after those fuelproperties of fuel blends that are prepared by mixing butanol with gasoline atvolumetric rate of 5%, 10% and 15% were measured similarly. By using acommercial 4 stroke, 4 cylinder petrol engines, performance values like torque andpower were measured with a computer controlled hydraulic dynamometer, fuelconsumption values were measured with computer controlled volumetric flow meterand emission values were measured by the help of exhaust gas analyzer. Accordingto experimental results it was determined that addition of butanol to gasolinedecreased engine performance values due to its lower heating value; however, sincebutanol contains oxygen, it increased combustion efficiency and as a result causedreduction of exhaust emission values at important rates.Key Words: Butanol, Torque, Power, Fuel Consumption, Emissions.
Design and applications of hydroxy (HHO) system
In this study, hydroxy gas (HHO) is produced by the electrolysis process of different catalysts (KOH(aq), NaOH(aq), NaCl(aq)) with various electrode designs in a leak proof plexiglass reactor container (hydrogen generator). Catalysts are used to diminish oxygen and hydrogen bonds. Hydroxy gas is used as a supplementary fuel in a four cylinder, four stroke, compression ignition (diesel) and a single cylinder, two stroke spark ignition (gasoline) engine without any modification and without need for storage tanks. Its effects on hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO) emissions, engine performance characteristics and specific fuel consumption (SFC) are investigated.
Investigation of new oil additives
While the lubricants industry has been focused over the last century on development and production of lubricating oils and greases using mineral oils as the base, a number of factors have been considered for the development of products derived from renewable harvestable resources such as vegetable oils and esters produced from them.In this work, the effects of new bio-based oil additives on mineral base oil quality were evaluated; in addition improvement of the conventional oil properties by blending with bio-based oil (Jojoba) was investigated. A Timken Test Device was designed and manufactured according to ASTM D2782 in order to determine out variation of the oil blends? viscosity values. The viscosity values of oil blends were determined with and without jojoba addition and they were compared with each other.Key Words: Mineral Based Oils, Jojoba Oil, Timken Test Device, Lubricant Properties
Production of waste plastic fuels and investigations of influence of waste plastic fuels on performance and exhaust emissions of diesel engine
The overall objective of this study was to explore the utility of waste plastics as a potential source of diesel fuel. Waste plastics were produced by thermal and catalytic cracking method. The thermal and catalytic cracking reactions were carried out in a pilot cracking reactor equipped with contact thermometer. Waste plastic fuels were blended with diesel fuel at the volumetric ratio of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%. Fuel properties of waste plastics and blends were analyzed by the standards of American Society fir Testing and Materials (ASTM) method. In addition to fuel properties, engine performance and exhaust emission studies of 5% waste plastic fuel-diesel blends were performed.Key Words: Emissions, Fuel Properties, Performance, Thermal and catalytic cracking, WastePlastics,
Mikroalglerden biyodizel üretimi
The objective of this study is to observe cultural characteristics of Chlorella vulgaris and to identify availability of microalgae biodiesel in diesel engines as alternative fuel. Microalgae biodiesel was blended with diesel fuel with the volumetric ratio of 5%, 10%, 20%, and 50%. Fuel properties of blends were identified and the performance characteristics and exhaust emissions of the engine fuelled with blends were analyzed. The fuel properties determination experiment showed that except its low Cetane number, microalgae biodiesel satisfies European Biodiesel Standards (EN 14214). According to experimental data obtained from engine test rig it was found that, although microalgae biodiesel caused a slight reduction in torque and brake power values, the emission values of the engine using microalgae biodiesel were improved.Key Words: Microalgae, Biodiesel, Fuel Properties, Engine Performance, ExhaustEmissions.
Investigation of nanoparticle additives to the biodiesel and diesel fuels for improvement of the performance and exhaust emissions in a compression ignition engine
Worldwide energy demand has been growing steadily during the past five decades, and most experts believe that this trend will continue to rise. The amount of emitted harmful emission gases increases in parallel with increasing energy consumption. This increase has forced many countries to take various precautions and various restrictions on emitted emissions have been carried. In this study effects of addition of oxygen containing nanoparticle additives to diesel and biodiesel fuels on diesel and biodiesel fuel properties and at the same time effects on diesel engine performance and emissions were investigated. Nine different nanoparticle additives namely MgO, Al2O3, TiO2, ZnO, SiO2, Fe2O3, NiO, NiFe2O4 and Zn0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4 were added to diesel fuel at the addition dosage of 25, 50 and 100 ppm and three of them namely MgO, SiO2 and NiO were added to biodiesel fuel at the addition dosage of 25 and 50 ppm. Fuel properties, engine performance and emission characteristics of obtained modified fuels were examined. As a result of this study optimum additive and addition dosage was determined and engine emission values namely NOx and CO were decreased with the addition of nanoparticles.
Development of a special sidelifter for transferring containers between railroad freight cars and trailers
In this study, a container loading and unloading mechanism which is assembled on a semi-trailer, is designed and manufactured. This design is supported with a mechanism which can be adjusted according to different dimensioned ISO standard containers. The main requirement of the above mentioned mechanism is the ability of loading and unloading of ISO containers up to 12,192 m long on every ground condition except at very soft and slope grounds. Design concepts created in this manner are firstly tested by the analysis softwares. The analysis results are then used in selecting the most successful design concept to be manufactured as a prototype for performance tests. The results of the performance tests are also presented.
Production, performance and emission studies of municipal and medical waste plastic fuels and its blends with diesel
The basic aim of this study was to examine the usage of plastic municipal and medical waste, as an alternative source to diesel fuel. For this study; waste plastic materials, obtained from municipal and medical wastes, were used. Waste plastics were transformed to waste plastic fuel by thermal cracking. Municipal and medical waste plastic fuels were blended with diesel fuel at volumetric ratios of 10%, 20% and 50%. Fuel properties of waste plastic fuels and its blends were analyzed in accordance with the standards of American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) methods. In addition to fuel properties, engine performance and exhaust emission studies of waste plastic fuel-diesel blends were carried out. Key Words: Engine Performance, Emissions, Fuel Properties, Thermal Cracking, Municipal and Medical Waste Plastic Fuel
Development of a fuel injection method and design of a special injection device for use in a diesel engine
Combustion in the cylinder of a diesel engine is a vital parameter which effects efficiency of the engine and the toxic exhaust gasses created by the engine and combustion is controlled greatly by fuel injection process in a diesel engine. Therefore, proper control of fuel injection process has a great importance on combustion. Atomization of the fuel is also crucial in order to arrange heat release rate during combustion. With the known injection devices, the fuel is suddenly injected into the air in the combustion chamber that is heated to a high temperature and is under pressure. This causes an irregular combustion with the consequence of a step increase in pressure and high emission. There are number of advantages of air utilization in today's diesel engine injectors, such as increasing fuel atomization levels, providing fuel economy by enhancing complete combustion diesel fuel, and as a result lowering of engine emissions. Therefore the aim of the thesis is to develop an air assisted injection device for use in a diesel engine which improves combustion of the diesel engine by mixing air and fuel inside itself at optimum ratio. In order to determine optimum air fuel ratio and operation pressure, FLUENT tool of the ANSYS program was used. Examination of the injection process by using of a high speed camera and comparison of the obtained results with the simulation results were realized after determining optimum conditions. Finally the effects of air utilization in a common diesel injector on the engine performance values and exhaust emissions were explored.
Modelling and simulation of conventional turbocharged and electrically assisted turbocharged automotive diesel engine
Increasing charge air density by utilizing a turbocharger or a supercharger is indispensable method to engine downsizing with high power density and lean boosting for reducing the fuel consumption in diesel engines. Supercharging system suffers from fuel consumption penalty because of compressor powered by engine output. Turbocharging system utilizes wasted exhaust energy that means compressor powered by exhaust turbine but has a turbo lag problem. The electrically assisted turbocharger that can eliminate turbo lag problem and fuel consumption penalty is the topic of this thesis. The experimental work of matching an electrically assisted turbocharger to an engine is rather expensive, it was therefore decided to simulate conventional turbocharged automotive diesel engine and validate with experimental results and subsequently electrical device acting as motor/generator was integrated to the model and effects of electrically assisted turbocharger on diesel engine performance parameters were analyzed. In this study, one dimensional computer simulation programmed named Boost developed by AVL used for the engine simulation. A lot of experimentally obtained data, flow coefficients of the engine valves, turbine and compressor maps, intercooler, cylinder and combustion parameters, etc., were applied to enhance the accuracy of the simulation model. Good agreement of the simulated and measured results achieved for the steady state and transient operation of the conventional turbocharged diesel engine. Therefore the simulation extended to deal with steady and transient behavior of a turbocharged diesel engine that is electrically assisted. Simulations results revealed that electrically assisted turbocharger increases low-end torque and improves transient response and fuel consumption of conventional turbocharged diesel engine.
Development of a NOx reduction system for diesel engines
The aim of this study was to review the potential of selective catalytic reduction (SCR) and to find out the alternative ways to obtain the same exhaust emission limit, and to reduce the exhaust emissions. The experiments were conducted to examine the exhaust emissions of heavy duty diesel engine by using Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) concept fuelled with diesel and oxygenated fuel additives. A test was conducted in six cylinder turbocharger diesel engine with full loading condition. Firstly, the effects of nanoparticule(MgO, TiO2, ZnO, Fe2O3, NiO ve SiO2) and alcohol (ethanol, methanol and butanol) fuel additives on exhaust emissions was investigated. Then the average reduction of CO, HC and NOx emissions were measured by urea solution and ammonium sulphate salts addition to urea solution. In conclusion numerical and experimental results for diesel and alcohol-diesel blends on NOx conversion efficiency was compared by using one dimensional (1D) steady state kinetic simulation of SCR CFD code AVL BOOST. The relevant reactions and boundary conditions are considered for a simulation in a square celled catalyst for SCR system coated with a Cu catalyst.
Determination of defect rates of traffic accident involvements by using accident reconstruction tools
The aim of this study is to introduce a scientific and systematic approach for determination of fault rates in most frequent traffic accidents in Turkey. Data (police reports, skid marks, deformation situation of involvements, crush depth, etc.) collected from the most-frequent and controversial accident types (four sample vehicle-vehicle scenarios), were inserted into a reconstruction software called "vCrash". Sample real world scenarios were simulated on the software so as to generate different deformations on vehicles which also correspond to energy equivalent speed (EES) data just before the crash. These values were used to train Multi-Layer Feed Forward Artificial Neural Network (MFFNN or MFANN), Function Fitting Neural Network (FITNET) (i.e. a specialized version of MFFNN), Generalized Regression Neural Network (GRNN) by using 10-fold and 5-fold cross-validations. Two approaches within ANN were used to predict fault rates as accurate as possible without necessity of softwares. The performance of Artificial Neural Network (ANN) prediction models was evaluated using Mean Square Error (MSE) and multiple correlation coefficient (R). MFFNN and FITNET perform better results (i.e., lower MSE and higher R) than GRNN models for predicting the fault rates.
Experimental investigation of hydroxy gas enriched natural gas as an alternative fuel (HHO-CNG) in pilot injection diesel engines
Increasingly restrictive emissions norms and renewed focus on energy efficiency drive the current search for alternative fuels and combustion strategies for IC engines. Using natural gas and hydrogen blends that can absorb their owns negative effect on combustion and emission parameters when mixed each other can be a very good alternative due to the attractive fuel properties regarding emission reduction and engine operation. Alternative gaseous fuels can be easily used on SI engines without any modification. However, in CI engine, two optional ways were answered the problem when gas fuels usage. First one is converted diesel engine to SI working structure and it needs modification which is expensive and does not allow diesel operation again. But, second method is, that used in this thesis, dual-fuel mode operation which can be handled with pilot diesel ignition phenomenon. The aim of the thesis is to investigate the effects of a non-modified pilot diesel ignition CI engine's performance and emissions under operated with HHO-CNG fuel mixtures experimentally. A brief introduction and critical literature review presented. Experimental set-up, mixtures ratios of HHO-CNG, substitution of diesel fuel process and devices explained and performed briefly. The effects of 20, 25, 30 % (vol/vol) HHO-CNG operation was explored. A comparison of HCNG and HHO-CNG fuel mixtures affects on engine performance and emission parameters also determined. Additionally a cost analysis was performed and explained. As a result, this study exhibits the availability of usage HHO-CNG fuel mixtures in a non-modified diesel engine via pilot diesel ignition resulted improving the engine performance and reducing the exhaust emissions.
Hydroxy (HHO) and hydrogen (H2) enriched compressed natural gas (CNG) usage in biodiesel fuelled compression ignition (CI) engines
Reduction of diesel fuel dependency is intended with more environmentally friendly and economical methods in this experimental thesis. For this purpose, canola oil methyl ester (COME) and palm oil methyl ester (POME) are produced and blended with standard diesel fuel at various volumetric ratios (25%, 50%, 75% and 100%). Beside, pure hydrogen, hydroxy (HHO) and compressed natural gas (CNG) fuels are used with different volumetric flow rates. The amount of liquid fuel injected into the cylinders is reduced by 15%-30% via fuel pump plunger pin without structural changes on the diesel engine with controlled by stepping motor and devices. Instead of the reduced liquid fuel, 15%, 25% and 35% (by volumes) Hydroganated (H2 and HHO) gases mixed with CNG; and supplied by using mixture chamber before intake manifold of the test engine. Engine performance and exhaust emission graphs and terms are included in order to avoid the difficulties on fuel mixtures definitions. Results were compared and discussed with optimum amount of diesel injection and optimum mixture percentages. As a result; HHOCNG is firstly examined with pilot biodiesel injection and results were explored in-depth.
Vibration measurement based analyses of internal combustion engines
Nowadays automotive manufacturers face a two-fold challenge; on the one hand they have to fulfil the costumer satisfactions; on the other they must decrease the production costs by meeting the many regulations. Due to the depletion of fossil based fuel, alternative fuels have gained great importance in automotive sector in last decades. Therefore all effects of them must be well-known on internal combustion engine. In this thesis, noise and vibration characteristics of diesel engines fuelled with different alternative fuels have been studied in details. Throughout the experimental study, three different test rigs were used. At the first rig, the diesel engine was fuelled with low sulphur diesel fuel, sunflower biodiesel, canola biodiesel, and corn biodiesel blends. Engine vibration has been recorded at different engine speeds in order to validation of experiments on other experimental engines. At the second test rig, the diesel engine was additionally fuelled with hydrogen and natural gas additions through the intake air. At this test rig, noise, vibration and emission characteristics were evaluated at various engine speeds. At the last test rig, the same biodiesel blends were used in order to examine their engine combustion characteristic. The results revealed that biodiesel, hydrogen and natural gas additions lowered the engine block vibration, noise and most of exhaust emissions that of low sulphur diesel fuel.
Development of aftertreatment process to reduce exhaust emissions in diesel engines
Diesel engines have an important role in environmental pollution. Unfortunately, the fossil fuel combustion comes with both global emissions (CO2, N2O, CH4), which cause climate change, and local emissions (PM, NOx, HC, CO, O3), which cause adverse health effects and damage natural environment. The aim of this study is to reduce the level of exhaust emissions by adding fuel additive metal oxide based nanoparticles as an alternative way. Finally, the optimum addition dosages were determined and exhaust emission values namely NOx and CO were reduced with the addition of nanoparticles.
Prediction of various engine-out parameters by use of artificial intelligence techniques
Since experimental studies on internal combustion engines are both time consuming and costly, various modelling techniques can be used to predict experimental results. Artificial intelligence techniques are prominent among other techniques. These techniques can tackle complex, non-linear problems. In this study, four different engine models were handled which intended to estimate various engine-out parameters. In Model 1, performance and emission parameters of a diesel engine operated with biodiesel-alcohol mixtures were estimated. In Model 2, performance and emission parameters of a diesel engine operated with diesel fuel with nanoparticle additives were estimated. In model 3, various operational parameters of a spark ignition engine operated with 95 RON gasoline fuel were estimated. In model 4, vibration characteristic of a diesel engine operated with different diesel-biodiesel blends with HHO gas addition into intake manifold were estimated. Regression analysis, artificial neural networks and adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system methods were used to make predictions. In was concluded that, regression analysis is not capable of predicting the parameters accurately. On the other hand, artificial neural networks and adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system made more accurate estimations.
Mini insansız hava araçlarının havada kalma süresini artırmak amacıyla çoklu hibrit güç paketi geliştirilmesi
İnsansız hava araçları (İHA) her geçen gün yeni görev ve amaçlarla kullanımı yaygınlaşan sistemlerdir. Son zamanlarda İHA sınıfları içerisinde sertifikasyon, üretim, maliyet gibi birçok konuda avantajları nedeniyle mini-İHA'ların kullanımı öne çıkmaktadır. Bu tez çalışmasında mini İHA'ların temel sorunlarından biri olan havada kalma süresi kısalığına çözüm getirmek amacıyla çoklu hibrit güç sistemleri geliştirilmiştir. Hidrojenle çalışan yakıt hücresi, lityum polimer batarya, güneş paneli ve süper kapasitör sistemlerinin kullanıldığı hibrit yapılara ilişkin algoritmalar oluşturulmuştur. Güç yönetim sistemi (GYS) tasarımı gerçekleştirilerek oluşturulan hibrit itki elemanları aralarında geçişler sağlanmıştır. İtki sisteminin yer testleri statik ve dinamik yük altında gerçekleştirilerek, önerilen iki hibrit modelin sonuçları çalışma kapsamında değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda önerilen hibrit sistem elemanları ve GYS algoritması ile model mini-İHA'nın havada kalma süresini bataryalı modele göre 3 kattan daha fazla arttırabildiği gözlemlenmiştir. Ayrıca çalışma kapsamında yakıt hücrelerinin mevcut düşük güç yoğunluğu nedeniyle uygun süper kapasitörler ile kullanımının güvenilirlik ve batarya performansı açısından faydalı olacağı sonucuna varılmıştır.
Taşıtlar için yeni nesil otomatik yangın söndürme sistemlerinin geliştirilmesi
Taşıtlarda oluşan yangınlar, maddi ve ölümlü birçok kayba neden olmaktadır. Bu tez kapsamında; taşıt yangınları için günümüzde kullanılan çeşitli söndürme sistemleri incelenerek, tüm yönleri ile araştırılmıştır. Taşıt dünyasında kullanımı hızla artan elektrikli araçlarda kullanılan lityum iyon pil ve batarya paketleri için de yanma, söndürme ve soğutma çalışmaları yapılmıştır. Yapılan denemeler LIT-A, LIT-B, LIT-C, BUS, IM ve MET denemeleri olarak sınıflandırılmış ve toplamda yirmi altı adet deneme yapılmıştır. Denemelerde; lityum iyon pil ve bataryalar, hurda bir otobüs ve aktif olarak çalışan bir iş makinesinden faydalanılmıştır. Sulu, aerosollü, karbondioksitli, bor esaslı ve yangın söndürme topu olmak üzere çeşitli yangın söndürme ürünleri denenmiştir. Tasarlanan otomatik yangın söndürme sisteminde; ikili dedektör ile algılama yapan bir sistem kurgulanmıştır. Ayrıca yangınlara otomatik müdahale edilebilmesi adına kontrol paneli tasarımı yapılmıştır. Yapılan denemelerde aerosolün söndürme işleminde başarılı ve sonrasında tortu bırakmayan bir yapıda olduğu görülmüştür. CO2 ve yangın söndürme topu ise yangın söndürme işlemlerinde sıcaklık düşüşünü istenen oranda gerçekleştirememiştir. Bor esaslı yangın sondürme/soğutma ürünlerinin termal kaçak başlangıcında ve yanma eğilimindeki lityum iyon pil ve bataryalarda başarılı olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bor esaslı ürünlerin geleceğin taşıt dünyasında hem söndürmede hem de soğutmada etkin olacağı görülmüştür.
Kablosuz şarj sistemi sistemlerinin şehir içi otobüslere entegrasyonu
Bu yüksek lisans tezinde, kablosuz şarj sistemlerinin şehir içi elektrikli otobüslere entegrasyonu teknik, tasarımsal ve ekonomik açıdan incelenmiştir. Çalışma kapsamında, özellikle alıcı sistemlerin konumlandırılması, batarya yerleşimi, termal yönetim, iç mekân tasarımı, elektromanyetik güvenlik, kentsel entegrasyon ve sürdürülebilirlik gibi teknik ve operasyonel parametreler detaylı olarak ele alınmıştır. Kablosuz şarj teknolojisinin sunduğu statik ve dinamik uygulama seçenekleri, otobüslerin batarya gereksinimlerini optimize etme, menzil sürekliliğini artırma ve toplam sahip olma maliyetini azaltma potansiyeli açısından değerlendirilmiştir. Literatür incelemelerine ek olarak, Adana kenti özelinde geliştirilen bir örnek senaryo üzerinden dönüşüm planlaması ve yatırım geri dönüş süresi analizleri yapılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular, kablosuz şarj sistemlerinin yalnızca enerji aktarımını değil, aynı zamanda sürdürülebilir, güvenli ve yüksek verimli bir şehir içi ulaşım modeli oluşturulmasına katkı sağlayacak bir dönüşüm aracı olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır.