Theses supervised by Prof. Dr. Mehmet Karpuzcu
18 theses · Hasan Kalyoncu University
Gaziantep ili suyu ihtiyacının karşılanması amacıyla Göksu (Nurhak-Kahramanmaras) havzasının CBS ile hidrolojik modellenmesi
Population projections are significant for managing and planning the research area. This study aims to examine the water need and water consumption of Gaziantep province. In order to determine the future population of Gaziantep city; arithmetic method, geometric method, İlbank method and regression analysis were utilized in the calculations. The optimum trend (increase) line and minimum error (R2) was seen in exponential regression analysis. Düzbağ Dam which is considered to supply drinking water to Gaziantep is not sufficient after then 2044 and in order to supply water to city it is estimated that there will be need for new water resources. Therefore, The State Hydraulic Works (DSİ), Gaziantep Water and Sewerage Administration (GASKİ) and other state corporation should take required precautions. Also the rainfall map was generated by ArcGIS program for whole meteorological stations located in Turkey. Comparing the IDW and Kriging methods the results showed that the best model to generate rain properties map was Ordinary Kriging with spherical and models. In this study GIS-linked interface was created. With this new model users can be delineate the watershed with one step. This model can be used in Python scripting and other models. When on-site measurements are considered, it will be easier to delineate the basin in areas by ArcGIS, where the topographic conditions are difficult.
Water evaluation and planning system for greater Zab river basin
The aim of the thesis is to examine the planning and evaluation of the water resources of the Greater Zab River Basin (GZRB) in North Iraq. In this study, it is aimed to develop a business strategy for the GZRB, and to determine the factors affecting the application. The interactions of water users competing in the basin have also been identified and some action plans and strategies for the solution have been addressed. The thesis also sheds light on top management issues addressing the obstacles to the implementation of Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) policies and includes complementary strategies. At the same time in this study, it was determined that the existing regulations and practices regarding water usage patterns and water pollution are not sufficient. For this reason, the WEAP model was applied to the basin to determine the optimum GZR planning system and the optimum operating policy of the plan. The main issue of this planning is how the GZR system will meet future water needs. For this reason, the optimal monthly water distribution policies were simulated with the WEAP model using the past 33 years' debts and the performance of the GZRB was re-evaluated. Optimum simulation diagram for different scenarios such as domestic, irrigation water and ecological water needs have been established and implemented. This study was compared with the official figures in the planning works made in the 1980s. As a result of these comparisons, the average annual water supply was 368.1 MCM in August 2032. Accordingly, it is suggested that the construction of Bekhme Dam should be completed as it is understood that the water requirement cannot be met in the current conditions.
Sabit yataklı biyofilm reaktöründe kırmataş ile evsel atık su arıtma veriminin araştırılması
Bu çalışma reaktör içerisinde mikroorganizmaların biyofilm halinde büyüdüğü katı taneler içeren bir dolgu sistemidir. Bu birim içinde 10-13 cm büyüklüğünde dolgu malzemesi kırma taş bulunan, iki metre yüksekliğinde bir metre çapında bir tanktan oluşur. Bu tankın içerisine atık su belirli bir debi ile verilmiştir. Tankın üst kısmında merkezi etrafında delikli borulardan oluşan bir düzenekle atık su dağıtımı tank içerisine sağlanır. Bu sayede tanka verilen atık su, tank içerisindeki filtre dolgu malzemesinin üstünden süzülerek akmakta ve taşların üzerinde ince bir tabaka meydana gelmektedir. Bu tabakaya biyofilm tabakası denilir. İçerisinde mikroorganizmalar ve organik maddeler bulunur. Mikroorganizmalar önce organik kirleticileri besin elementi olarak kullanmakta ve daha sonra biyolojik arıtım reaksiyonu meydana gelmektedir. Bu çalışma; birinci aşamada filtre malzemesi olarak kullanılan kırma taşın evsel nitelikli atık suyu arıtma verimi incelenmiştir. Tesisin ön çökeltme ünitesinden çıkan, reaktöre verilen atık su konsantrasyon değerleri ortalama: AKM 140,31 mg/l, KOİ 349,16 mg/l, Toplam azot 98,5 mg/l, Toplam fosfor 7,5 mg/l, pH 7,51'dir. İkinci aşamada ise filtre dolgu malzemesinin miktarı değiştirilerek proses performansı arttırılarak atık su arıtma verimi incelenmiştir. Üçüncü aşamada ise reaktörde çevresel ortam parametresi olan (anaerobik-aerobik) sistem değiştirilerek atık su arıtma verimi üzerindeki etkisi incelenmiştir. Artan filtre yüksekliğine ve yüzey alanına bağlı olarak biyofilm yüzeyinin arttığı ve buna bağlı olarak arıtma veriminin arttığı gözlenmiştir. Reaktör içerisine oksijen transferinin artmasıyla birlikte biyo kütlenin daha hızlı geliştiği ve çoğaldığı bu sayede de atık su arıtma giderim veriminin: AKM:%35,1 KOİ:%44,75 TN:%44,46 TP:%33,16'ya kadar arttığı gözlemlenmiştir. Düşük nüfus 1000 veya daha az kişiden oluşan köy, kasaba, turistik bölgeler, yaylalar için atık suların; merkezi toplama ve arıtımında, finansal, teknik ve stratejik problemlerle karşılaşılmaktadır. Bu tür yerler için: Maliyet, yatırım, işletme ve bakım gibi faktörler düşünülerek atık suların arıtımında bu sistem kullanılabilir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Sabit yataklı biyofilm reaktör, kırma taş, filtre, atık su arıtma, damlatmalı filtre
The environmental impact assessment for Bastora dam
Dams have been used for thousands of years to regulate river flows and ensure adequate supply of water during dry periods. In the future, as population increase and water consumption rises, many people believe there will be a need for more dams. The main objectives of the EIA study of the Bastora dam was to assess/evaluate the potential impacts of the dam project (BDIP) on the ecology, and socio-economics/health status of the people. The study comprises plenty of field and data collection in order to evaluate environment impacts of dams. This study project has diverted part of the peak flow of the Bastora stream into a 200 million m3 capacity of stream storage reservoir. The main purpose of the stored water will be to irrigate 4,000 ha out of the 11,000 ha of the total land downstream to grow crops and fruit trees. In the study area, ground water is an essential input to agricultural, environmental, health, domestic and development, especially in the rural area. According to a new survey about 60% of water demand is met by numerous deep wells dispersed throughout the urban and suburban areas, while about 40 % is supplied from the Greater Zab River by pumping from Ifraz station to the treatment plant near Erbil. According to the FAO 2004 well depths have only recently increased and most new wells have been drilled to a depth exceeding 100 m. Currently, there may be no more than 1,000 operational deep wells in the entire district of Erbil. It may be concluded that the total amount of exploitable groundwater does not exceed 2.5 m3 /s. The population of the study area is about 60,000 people with a population density of about 450 / km 2 . The mean annual rainfall ranges from 260 mm to 515 mm. The mean annual temperature in the summer exceeds 35oC and in winter ranges from 9 oC to 15oC. In conclusion, the positive impacts are significantly higher than negative impacts and because this dam is considered a developing part of this area. Thus, reworking on this dam is highly recommended. Keywords Environmental impact assessment, dams, watershed, ecology and social impact, reservoir
Atıksularda renk ölçüm metotlarının karşılaştırılması
Sulardaki renk, suda çözünmüş bulunan metalik tuzlardan veya su içindeki kolloid parçacıklardan ileri gelmektedir. Renk parametresi sulardaki diğer kirletici parametrelerine göre bazı özel dikkat isteyen özelliklere sahiptir. Kirletici parametrelerin pek çoğu objektif olarak ölçülüp değerlendirile bilinir olmasına rağmen renk parametresi objektif özellikleri yanında az da olsa sübjektiflik karakterine sahiptir. Renk parametresi suda bulunan tuzların ve koloidal maddelerin ışığı yansıtması ile ortaya çıktığından, renklerin oluşmasını sağlayan dalga boyları renklerin ölçülmesinde dikkat edilmesi gereken en önemli parametrelerdir. Bu dalga boyları hem renk çeşitlerini belirler hem de ölçme metodunun seçilmesinde etken olur. Sulardaki renk oluşumu hem sudaki kolloid maddelerden hem de çözünmüş maddelerden oluştuğu için ölçüm hem global olarak hem de su numunelerinin filtre edilmesinde sonra almak üzere ayrı ayrı ölçülür ve renk oluşumunun nereden kaynaklandığı belirlenir. Sulardaki renk ölçümü Standart Metot 2120 C ve TSE EN ISO 7887 B Spektrofotometrik metotla ölçülür. Renk ölçümlerinde doğru neticeye ulaşmak için, belirli renkler için doğru netice veren dalga boyları seçilmelidir. Bütün renkler için aynı dalga boyu seçilirse neticelerin çoğu yanlış olur. Ülkemizde genelde Platin-Cobalt değeri ile tek dalga boyu ölçüm yöntemi kullanılmaktadır. Bu ölçümde 456 Nm dalga boyunda sarı ve turuncu renk tonlarında doğru netice vermekle beraber diğer renklerde yanıltıcı olmaktadır. Bu nedenle değişik metotlar geliştirilmiştir. Değişik ülkelerde kullanılan bu metotlar şunlardır: -ADMI -RES Buna göre; -Platin-Cobalt, 456Nm dalga boyunda, sarı-turuncu renklerde, -ADMI, 720 Nm dalga boyunda, sarı-turuncu renklerde, -RES, 436 Nm,525 Nm ve 620 Nm dalga boylarında, Sarı, Kırmızı ve Mavi renklerde ölçümler yapılmıştır. Ülkemizde bütün renkler için Pt-Co kullanılması doğru değildir. Bu çalışmada değişik renk ölçme metotları çalışılmış, birbirleri karşılaştırılmış ve hangi renk ve hangi dalga boyu için doğru metodun ne olabileceği belirlenmiştir. Ülkemizdeki yönetmelikler bütün renkler için tek bir metot için standart verilmesinin doğru olmayacağı vurgulanmıştır.
Integrated water resource managementfor in Khalifan river basin
This study comprises the application of integrated water resources management (IWRM) in Khalifan River Basin (KRB), north of Erbil province. The overarching goal of this study is to establish 15 years evaluating and analysis plan for Khalifan river basin. The interactions of water users competition have been identified in the basin. In the meantime, some action plans and strategies for the solution have been addressed. The thesis also highlights the top management issues addressing the obstacles to the implementation of integrated water resources management. The water evaluation and planning system (WEAP) model applied to the basin to determine the optimum KRB planning system and the optimum operating policy of the plan. The study compared five scenarios, (reference, high population growth, flow requirement, dam added and water saving). The comparisons show that April to September water demand is high, due to agriculture season. Maximum water demand is 3 million cubic meters, which occurs in August on the other hand the proposed dam only supplied 2 million cubic meters. In addition, for domestic water demand maximum is 0.4733 million cubic meters and the minimum is 0.36978 million cubic meters, and almost has the same level of water demand for each month. Accordingly, the government should start to complete the Gali Ble Dam with a reservoir capacity of 2 million cubic meters. The deficient water demand in the water saving scenario results for both sectors agriculture and domestic start from 1 million cubic meter during the year 2020 and arise to 3.26 million cubic meter in the year 2032.
An investigation of fresh and hardened properties of cementitious grout made with combined use of waste marble powder and fly ash
The main objective of this thesis study is to investigate the effect of Waste Marble Powder (WMP) and Fly Ash (FA) on the rheology, workability, fresh and hardened properties of cementitious grout with respect to higher water/ binder (w/b) ratios. Due to the rapid increase in the demand for marble, which is a natural stone, the number of enterprises and factories related to marble sector is increasing. Depending on the capacity of these factories, mud, powder and pieces of marble waste are exposed; waste amount reaches up to 75%. Emptying the marble wastes to the usable agricultural land, the mixing of the very fine powdered part into the air and the water causes environmental pollution, has a negative effect on the health, covering the agricultural land in a long time and damages the soil and the products. Fly Ash is a silica-based powdery substance originating from the flue-gas of thermal power plants. Because of its pozzolanic effect, it binds free lime from cement hydration. This feature caused by fly ash in concrete production are widely used, but the rapid increase in the demand for electrical energy in Turkey, inadequacy of existing plants necessitates the creation of new thermal power plants, which in our country annually about 13 million tons, which will further increase the amount of this waste it means. The use of marble dust and fly ash from the solid wastes, which is an environmental problem in the world, in the improvement of the ground, which is a very important area of the construction sector, will provide the economic value of these wastes and will contribute to the prevention of environmental pollution by the removal of solid wastes. In this thesis; In order to contribute to the solution of the waste problem, it is aimed to use marble dust and fly ash in the production of cement based grout which is used for the treatment of soils. In the experimental study planned for this purpose, waste marble powder (WMP) and fly ash (FA) were replaced with cement; in this study, the fresh and hardened properties of cement based grout mixtures were investigated by experimental study. The investigation of the effects of these mixtures on the ground by model experiments was excluded. Four series of mixtures were prepared for the production of cement based injection mortars. In the first series prepared, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25% by weight of the marble was added to the cement. In the second series 25% (fixed) by weight of fly ash, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30% of the amount of waste marble dust was added to the cement. In the third and fourth batch mix, 20% by weight of clay is added to the whole mixture ratio provided that the ratios in the first two series remain constant. The ratio of water to the binder in each series was chosen as 0.75, 1.00, 1.25, and 1.5. A total of 48 (forty-eight) different injection mixtures were prepared with these materials and ratios. In each of the mixtures, a series of tests, such as plate cohesion, marsh funnel flow time, mini slump flow diameter, and cylindrical rotating rheometer, were carried out, including freshness and rheology tests. Specifically prepared series of 432 cylindrical specimens with a diameter of 5.5 cm, 11 cm in height, with three and four series identified; unconfined compressive strength test (UCS) were performed on 3, 7, 28 days. In each series, control sample was prepared by considering water-binding ratios. Control samples ingredient included first and second series water and cement, thirth and fourth series water, cement and clay. No additives were added to the cntrol samples. The test results were compared with the control samples and the literature; It has been concluded that mixtures of cement based grout prepared using waste marble dust and fly ash can be injected and used in the treatment of weak soils.
An overview of effects of high rise buildings on intersections: iconova
Gaziantep is over-growing and one of the most important industrial cities in Turkey. As a result of increasing population and developing industry, the number of vehicles in traffic increases day by day. The number of high rise buildings that built to meet population needs is a substantial amount. Due to this increase, capacities of existing roads remains incapable and causes a slowdown in traffic flow in time. Iconova intersection is one of the intersections where these problems occurred. Because of Primemall the shopping mall and unfinished high rise ICONOVA Towers are located at the same intersection, Iconova intersection that is already running beyond its capacity will become more congested after towers have been used. The purpose of this study is to make longer-term planning by considering the impacts of high rise buildings on traffic and offer a solution proposal for Iconova intersection by using HCM (Highway Capacity Manual) calculations and VISSIM software. It is aimed to make traffic flow more efficient with this work. At the same time, it is aimed that to be a scientific reference in terms of the effects of high rise buildings on traffic and calculations of intersection capacity.
Investigation of feasibility for Gaziantep earthquake master plan
Disasters are natural and man-made events that cause physical, environmental, psychological and economic losses. It is very important to have effective disaster management in order not to stop human life after disaster or to return to normal life quickly. Although it is impossible to prevent disasters, it is possible to minimize the negative effects with precautions. High-level societies have achieved to reduce risks to manageable levels. When disasters in Turkey examined, it is seen that earthquake is the most common disaster that causes loss of life and property. When analyzed in terms of seismicity, Gaziantep is located in a place needs to take precautions against possible earthquake risks due to its proximity to active fault systems that can produce large earthquakes. It should be ensured that being feasible of earthquake master plan that will prepared by using effective project management methods. Within the scope of this thesis, current earthquake master plans in Turkey had been examined and especially their feasibility were investigated. In parallel with this, steps of applicable earthquake master plan for Gaziantep were determined. The master plan to be prepared should be kept up-to-date and used as a guide for any kind of zoning, infrastructure, transportation and energy planning for Gaziantep. It should not be forgotten that the most important stakeholder of the earthquake master plan is the society. The end point of the study is that to create a sustainable society with high level awareness and resistant to disasters.
Investigating geotechnical properties of soils using ground granulated blast furnace slag, fly ash, and lignosulfonates
A number of ways exist to measure the level of soil improvement after administering a ground improvement application, but stabilisation is the one most frequently used. The term "soil stabilisation" describes the changing of a natural soil for construction or engineering purposes. Stabilisation will often have the purpose of making soils stronger by incorporating waste materials. Traditional chemical stabilisers, though, may not find ready acceptance in engineering construction because quicklime and cement are not renewable, their production involves consumption of large amounts of energy, they release considerable volumes of greenhouse gases and the brittleness of the resulting stabilised soils can affect structures' stability. This study presents the effect of using unary, binary and ternary blends of Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (S), Fly Ash (FA) and Lignosulfonate (LS) as the stabilizer to investigate soil properties. For this, two soil mixture groups were designed depending on soil types with changing binder contents. disposal materials were used in partial substitution of soil1 and soils2 at 0%, 6%, 8%, and 10% by weight. The results show that among different way of replacements, soils containing 8% of disposal materials exhibited the best results of California Bearing Ratio (CBR), Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS), atterberg limits, and permeability coefficient at 28 days. The stabilizer soils containing ternary binder materials (S, FA, and LS) gave better results than binary then unary replacements.
Effects of mineral admixtures on some properties of crude oil polluted sand
This thesis presents a study on environmental pollution by crude oil in a contaminated area. Mineral admixtures such as ground granulated blast furnace slag and fly ash are used to stabilize polluted soil. The overarching goal of this study is to evaluate the addition mineral admixtures to improve the polluted soil by crude oil. This study focused on the Erbil-Gwear main road location close to the Lajan village. Since there are several refinery stations in this area it is paramount to study the environmental issues. Samples of sandy soil were artificially mixed with various percentage of crude oil namely 0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10%, 12%, 14% and 16% in relative to their dry weight to observe the influences of crude oil contamination on some properties of sand samples. To investigate the effect of mineral admixture on the contaminated soil samples by crude oil several mixtures were prepared. For instance, mixtures were mixed by the addition of 0%, 4%, 6% and 8% crude oil with GGBFS and FA admixtures with the amount of 0%, 10% and 15% were utilized in this study. The compaction and direct shear tests were utilized in this study. The results of this research show that specific gravity, the optimum moisture content and the maximum dry density were decreased while the percentage of crude oil content was increased. The results of friction angle were fluctuated with increasing crude oil. Apparent cohesion (c) values were increased up to a certain point and then slightly decreased with increasing the percentage of crude oil addition. Mineral admixtures provide an improvement in compaction and the strength properties of polluted soil. Moreover, the statistical analysis was used to demonstrate the significant differences of each factor used in this research.
Properties of basalt fiber self-compacted concrete at elevated temperature
Inorganic based basalt fibers used in concrete production prevent the development of cracks and increase the service life of concrete structures. Similar to other industrial concrete fibers, basalt fibers can be utilized in self-compacted high strength concrete (SCHSC) with low permeability and proper workability. Because of this feature, basalt fiber concrete can be used in various infrastructure projects such as buildings, highways and bridges. Studies on the mechanical properties of this concrete are non-extensive; therefore, further investigations are considered essential in the direction of the efficiency of self-compacted basalt fiber concrete (SCBFC) in retrofitting deteriorated normal strength concrete. In this study, effect of basalt fiber on the workability of fresh SCHSC has been measured in terms of slump flow, J-ring flow, V-funnel flow and L-box height ratio. In addition, the properties of hardened concrete such as compressive strength, splitting strength, modulus of elasticity, flexural strength and Poisson ratio were investigated for different temperatures between 25oC – 500oC. It was concluded that the fibers decreased the unit weight and compressive strength of the concrete and improved the tensile strength due to the arresting of micro cracks with increasing fiber ratio. The strength of SCHSC which has been exposed to high temperature was observed decrease. Permeability tests have been conducted as well and revealed that 0.25% volume fraction of basalt fibers is optimum value to get reasonable penetration of liquid within this concrete material. In preparation of hybrid prism samples, it was prepared low strength concrete base to represent old and new repaired concrete and the surface of the new repaired concrete was coated with SCHSC. At the interfaces between these two parts, different roughening manners such as drilling (holes), grooving and sand blasting were applied. Slant shear test was performed to investigate adherence strength of samples. Surface improvement by grooving and sand blasting was found better than the other cases with taking into account the applied high temperatures. The effect of independent variables such as basalt fiber volume ratio and environmental temperature on the mechanical properties of concrete were evaluated statistically. According to the analysis outcomes, the roughening type of the interfacial surface was found more important than fiber ratio and temperature changes on slant shear of hybrid concrete. Finally, modelling has been performed with depending on gene expression programming for present experimental results and it is demonstrated that the predicted and experimental values from the models obtained are in suitable distribution on the agreement line with correlation coefficient more than 90%.
Geotechnical and environmental effect of oily wastewater on erbil soils
This study investigates the effect of the excess of oily wastewater generated from the outlet of the refineries before remediating by the wastewater treatment plant on its impact on the environment and geotechnical properties of contaminated soils. The study area was the Kawergosek refinery (southwest of Erbil city). Environmental investigations have been included in this study. The results of the questionnaire showed that the majority of the citizens lived near oil fields and refineries should care about the air and soil pollution problems Figure (5-5), the air was also polluted by harmful gases such as Co and H2S, the surrounding agricultural lands were also polluted and caused a bad effect on the life of the citizens. The environmental pollution map of the southwest of Erbil city has also been designed where most of the oil fields and refineries exist, Figure (5-4). It has been shown that the emission rate of H2S in oil fields is much higher than those of refineries, Figure (5-2). Laboratory investigations have been carried out on soil samples with various percentages of contamination with oily wastewater. The results showed a considerable effect on the chemical soil characteristics, also on the physical and mechanical properties of Kawergosek refinery plant soils. Field investigations have also been conducted through examining the contaminated soil with oily wastewater in the model pit site in Cihan university/college of engineering, and in the Kawergosek refinery, lagoon site. The results showed that the examined soil was highly affected by the effect of oily wastewater on its chemical and engineering properties for both sites. Further study conducted regarding the effect of heads of spilled oily wastewater on the diffusion rates inside the three pits model, it has been shown a positive influence on the rate of diffusion, Figure (5-22) and a small effect on C and Φ values of Direct shear tests, Table(5-30).
Evaluation of structural problems of Geben Castle and recommendations for structural solution
The structural problems of the Geben Castle in the rural area of the Andırın District of Kahramanmaraş Province were discussed in this study. Within the scope of this report, a detailed structural evaluation of the castle is carried out based on on-site inspection, systematic photographic documents and survey drawings. As a result of the evaluation, data is provided as a basis for the structural intervention decisions required to protect the structure and transfer it to future generations. In the next step, the results of these preliminary assessments, which will be supported by structural analysis and calculations, are presented as guiding preliminary information in the stage of making structural decisions. The structural problem areas in the structure are described. These regions are given systematic definitions of practical solutions for practical applications that may be made as a result of preliminary observation.
Losses and leakages in drinking water distribution systems
Water, which first enters our lives as a living fluid in a mother's womb, is the first element of the people's basic needs throughout their lifetimes. It is a source of life. In recent years, water resources are diminishing day by day in our country and in the world as result of decrease in rainfall and change in climate due to global warming, and population growth and industrialization, and they are even insufficient in some regions. It is clear that it will become more difficult to deal with water problems in the near future if existing water resources are not used efficiently. The fact that available water consists only 1% of the world's water resources, makes the management of water resources very important. In addition to limited drinking water resources, very-high costs of producing and distributing water in conformity with potable water standards increase the importance of the economical consumption of water and of the studies aiming at reducing water losses in the supply, storage, transmission, distribution and consumption of water. In the current situation, a part of water supplied to municipal water system after its collection, treatment and the completion of its controls, is recorded as loss and leakage. Expenditures made for a considerable amount of water treated to potable water standards go to waste because of the losses and leakages in drinking water networks. Water losses and leakages are a huge loss of cost and workforce. In today's conditions, the mitigation of loss and leakage rates of water supply and sewerage administrations and other related institutions, which is a major threat in terms of water supply and operational financing, is at the top of the issues that need to be addressed for the success of these institutions. On average 36% water loss occurs in drinking water networks and distribution systems in our country. This is a significant rate and it is necessary to focus on it and conduct studies for preventing losses and leakages.
Treatment of wastewater by infiltration and its effect on the engineering properties of natural soils
Recently, treatment and recovery of wastewater play an important role in the world. Generally, wastewater treatment involves collecting wastewater in a place transported by the central sewage system and treating wastewater according to its type. However, in rural settlements that do not have a central sewage system, the removal of wastewater can only be achieved with onsite treatment systems. Soil takes an important part in onsite wastewater treatment. Soil can provide contaminants in the waste water to be removed from the water. On the other hand, as is known wastewater contains many organic, inorganic substances and microscopic contaminants. As a result of the interaction of the soil with these contaminants, physical, chemical and mechanical properties may change. This change in soil structure can change the properties of the infiltration areas originally designed and thus it can also affect the efficiency of wastewater treatment. For this reason, the effects of onsite wastewater treatment systems on both wastewater treatment performances and geotechnical properties of natural soils were examined in this study. Wastewater was treated with the infiltration areas developed by simulating with a natural soil column. Wastewater which was taken from the influent water of GASKI Kızılhisar Wastewater Treatment Plant was first passed through the pre-sedimentation tank and then leaked into the soils in the plexiglass pipe with a diameter of 20 cm and a height of 100 cm. Natural soils were taken from 4 different types of field conditions were used for filtration. Columns were constructed for each soil type with different hydraulic loading rates by 9, 18 and 36 L/day. These columns were fed with continuous flow for 23 days. Laboratory and field-scale studies were conducted to determine the properties of natural soils and wastewater before and after leakage. The results of these studies indicated that while soil filtration improves wastewater quality, it can change the engineering properties of soils.
Soil erosion problems and solutions in Mosul city
Soil Erosion and Solutions in Mosul City, (SES).The Mosul Governorate geographically located on latitude 3919 north and latitude 9 - 43 east and rising above sea level by 222.5 meters and the rainfall rate between 400 - 600 mm. The study area begins with the water dividing line between the valleys heading towards the Tigris River and there are some valleys. As for the north, it was identified with the beginning of the valleys. Semi ends in the discharge of the Tigris River while the city of Rabiah is located in the western part of the study area. Through the study and loading of the water and wind erosion operations in Mosel are Through the study and loading of the water and wind erosion operations in the Nineveh region. Water erosion is one of the most dominant geomorphological processes in the world. The area has the most impact on soil erosion and the dredging of wind erosion with evidence of magnitude. Erosion, whether it is by water, wind or tillage, involves three distinct actions – soil detachment, movement and deposition. Topsoil, which is high in organic matter, fertility and soil life, is relocated elsewhere "on-site" where it builds up over time or is carried "off-site" where it fills in drainage channels. Soil erosion reduces cropland productivity and contributes to the pollution of adjacent watercourses, wetlands and lakes. Soil erosion can be a slow process that continues relatively unnoticed or can occur at an alarming rate, causing serious loss of topsoil. Soil compaction, low organic matter, loss of soil structure, poor internal drainage, salinisation and soil acidity problems are other serious soil degradation conditions that can accelerate the soil erosion process. Soil erosion remains a key challenge for Mosul agriculture. However, the reason is not management and not doing crop production technology in the Mousl that have increased soil erosion, Awareness usually occurs only when property is damaged and productive areas of soil are lost. The increase in extreme weather events predicted with climate change will magnify the existing water and wind erosion situations and create new areas of concern.
Kırsal yerleskelerde altyapı sistemlerinin karşılaştırmalı değerlendirilmesi: Adıyaman ve Kanada örneği
Bu araştırmada Adıyaman ili ve Adıyaman iline bağlı kırsal yerleşimlerin kanalizasyon sistemleri ve bu kanalizasyon sistemlerinin bölge sakinlerinin içme suyunu tedarik ettiği kaynak ile etkileşimi incelenmiş olup, bu durumların halk sağlığı açısından tehlike oluşturup oluşturmadığı değerlendirilmiştir. Ayrıca, Adıyaman ili ve kırsal yerleşimleri ile Kanada'nın altyapı sistem verilerinin karşılaştırılması amaçlanmaktadır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda köylerin yerel yönetim yetkilileri ile iletişime geçilerek bilgiler toplanmıştır. Elde edilen veriler ve TÜİK verileri ele alınmıştır. Ayrıca, Kanada'nın paylaşmış olduğu verilerin bulunduğu devletin resmi siteden alınan veriler ile Türkiye'nin verileri karşılaştırılmış olup Adıyaman ili ve kırsal yerleşkeler özelinde değerlendirme amaçlanmıştır. Bu araştırmanın örneklemini Adıyaman ili Merkez ilçesine bağlı 127 köy ve Kanada'nın 10 eyalet, 3 bölge oluşturmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Adıyaman ili merkez ilçedeki kırsal yerleşim yerlerinin %76'sinin kanalizasyon uzaklaştırma sisteminin olduğu ancak atıksu arıtma sisteminin olmadığı, bazı yerleşim yerlerinde ise kanalizasyonun sorun haline geldiği ve halk sağlığını ciddi şekilde tehdit ettiği görülmüştür. Kanada'nın Kırsal yerleşkelerinin altyapı verileri incelenmiştir. Bazı altyapı çalışmalarının tamamlanmamış olmasına rağmen sağlık ve çevre açısından tehlike oluşturacak durum tespit edilememiştir. Bu sonuçlara Adıyaman kırsalında kanalizasyon sistemlerinin kurulması ve kanalizasyondan kaynaklanan halk sağlığı riskinin ortadan kaldırılması önerilmektedir.