The geological and geomorphological evolution of dolines developed on the Çamlık travertines (Başkale - Van) and their significance in terms of regional neotectonics

In this thesis, the morphometric characteristics of dolines developed on the Çamlık Travertines, located within the boundaries of Başkale district in Van province, were examined, and their relationship with structural controls was evaluated. A total of 113 dolines were identified through satellite imagery and GIS-based spatial analysis. Key morphometric parameters such as area, perimeter, depth, diameter, elongation ratio, and circularity index were calculated and their spatial distributions were analyzed. The results revealed that the dolines are primarily concentrated in the central part of the study area, exhibit orientation patterns aligned with regional structural trends, and show morphological deformations potentially controlled by tectonic factors. Parameters such as doline orientation and elongation ratio indicate a significant correlation with the dominant fault systems in the region. Density analysis revealed that the study area contains 113 dolines within 1 km². This situation is evaluated within the 'high intensity' category and is considered an indicator of an active karstification process. Circularity index values showed that most dolines are nearly circular, whereas others exhibit elongated and mature forms, which are likely shaped under structural influence. These morphometric findings were further supported by geophysical data to assess subsurface conditions. Shear wave velocities (Vs30), seismic wave propagation properties, and elastic parameters were obtained through Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW) and seismic refraction methods. The results indicate that the study area's subsurface materials are generally rigid and competent. These findings confirm that the development of dolines in the study area is not solely driven by surface dissolution processes, but also strongly influenced by tectonic structures. Overall, the study clearly demonstrates that the dolines on the Çamlık Travertines have evolved under the combined effects of karstification and structural control.