The effect of dietary risk factors on gestational diabetes

The aim of this study was to evaluate the nutritional status of pregnant women and to evaluate the effect of dietary risk factors on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM). The study was conducted between January 2018 and March 2018 at the Koru Sincan Hospital Nutrition and Diet Polyclinic. Thirty-three pregnant women diagnosed with gestational diabetes and 43 healthy pregnant women participated in this study. Pregnant women with known diabetes (Type 1 and Type 2 DM), multiple pregnancies, and diabetes complications were excluded from the study. The questionnaire was used by the researcher to investigate the personal information of the pregnant women, disease status, general feeding habits and anthropometric measurements. In order to determine nutritional habits and intake of energy and nutrients, quantity of nutrient consumption frequency form was taken; Nutritional status was evaluated according to healthy eating index (SYI - 2010). 24-hour physical activity records and daily energy expenditure of pregnant women were calculated. The mean age of the pregnant women was 29.6 ± 3.97 years. It was determined that 26.3% of the pregnant women had a diagnosed disease and 14.5% had a history of pregnancy before. The mean birth weight of the baby was 3.5 ± 0.41 kg. The mean pre-pregnancy weight was 63.1 ± 11.2 kg, the mean weight was 71.8 ± 11.96 kg, the mean pre-pregnancy BMI was 23.9 ± 3.91 kg / m2, and the available BMI was 27.2 ± 4.28 kg / m2. It was determined that 40.8% of pregnant women skipped meals, 6.6% of skipped meals were breakfast meals, 30.3% were lunch meals and 1.3% were evening meals. 21.1% of pregnant women with and without GDM have the habit of eating at night. The mean basal metabolic rate (BMR) of the pregnant women was 1496.6 ± 156.67 kcal, the mean physical activity level was 1.3 ± 0.08, and the total energy requirement (TEG) was 2481.5 ± 2179.55 kcal. Mean dietary intake and energy intake of pregnant women with and without GDM were similar (p> 0.05). The average daily carbohydrate intake of the pregnant women with and without GDM and the ratio of energy from carbohydrate; the average daily protein intake and energy from protein and the ratio of daily fat intake and energy from fat were similar (p> 0.05). Pregnant women with and without GDM had an average of 15.5 ± 3.1%, 17.5 ± 3.9% from saturated unsaturated fats, and 9.03 ± 2.9% from polyunsaturated fats (p> 0.05). The average daily pulp intake of pregnant women was found to be 31.4 ± 11.68 g (p> 0.05). Micro nutrients (A, B1, B2, B12, C, E, niacin, folic acid, potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, iron and zinc) were found to be similar in both groups; There was a significant difference between the groups in terms of vitamin B6 intake (p <0.05). It was found that there was no statistically significant effect of family history of diabetes, pre-delivery status and pre-pregnancy BMI on the development of GDM (p> 0.05). Daily energy intake, pulp consumption, sugar consumption, unsaturated fatty acid intake, saturated fatty acid intake, animal protein intake and red meat consumption did not have a statistically significant effect on GDM development (p> 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of Healthy Eating Index - 2010 values (p> 0.05). A significant difference was found in the consumption point average of refined grains obtained from SYI - 2010 diet quality assessment of pregnant women with and without GDM diagnosis (p <0.05). By creating healthy nutrition patterns for pregnant women, GDM development can be prevented by minimizing dietary risk factors for GDM.