Determination of the role of carnosine use in different exercise applications on microbiota and muscle proteins irisin and myonectin

All living things move to maintain physiological homoeostasis. The fact that movement is for the benefit of living beings has an important place in the field of sports sciences. Exercises in particular have very important effects on human health and quality of life. In addition, another factor that can have an impact on human health and exercise performance is microbiota changes. However, it is not clearly understood what type, intensity and duration of exercise will have an effect on microbiota metabolites. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of carnosine use in different exercise programs on microbiota metabolites (Trimethylamine N-oxide, S-equol and Indoxyl sulfate), muscle proteins irisin, myonectin (CTRP15) and myonectin-related (CTRP5) form, lipid profile, glucose and insulin parameters by biochemical and immunohistochemical methods. In this experimental study, a total of 49 male Sprague Dawley rats were used in 7 groups divided into control, sham, aerobic, anaerobic, carnosine, carnosine+aerobic and carnosine+anaerobic groups, each consisting of 7 rats. At the beginning of the experimental period, carnosine supplementation (carnosine, carnosine+aerobic and carnosine+anaerobic groups) were given 100 mg/kg/day carnosine supplementation by gavage before exercise for 5 weeks. Rats in the exercise groups (aerobic, anaerobic, carnosine+aerobic and carnosine+anaerobic groups) were subjected to the exercises included in the exercise protocol 5 days a week for 5 weeks. At the completion of the experimental period, rats were decapitated with giotin and then blood samples, cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle tissues were rapidly collected and stored at -80 ˚C. From the biological samples obtained; Trimethylamine N-oxide, S-equol, Indoxyl sulfate, myonectin (CTRP15) and irisin were analyzed by ELISA method. Lipid profile, glucose and insulin levels were analyzed with an autoanalyzer. Additionally, irisin and myonectin-related (CTRP5) form was determined in cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle tissue homogenates using immunohistochemical method. When the findings obtained in the study were evaluated, it was observed that there was a significant difference between the groups in Trimethylamine N-oxide, S-equol and Indoxyl sulfate levels among microbiota metabolites (p<0,05). Significant differences were observed between the groups in irisin and myonectin (CTRP15) levels in cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle tissue homogenates (p<0,05). Lipid profile (Cholesterol, Triglyceride, HDL-C and LDL-C) levels, glucose and insulin levels were significantly different between the groups (p<0,05). In conclusion, carnosine supplementation, especially in combination with exercise, may have positive effects on microbiota metabolites associated with oxidative stress and some cardiovascular risk factors. Carnosine supplementation increases irisin and myonectin (CTRP15) levels in skeletal muscle and may be a novel attenuating agent. In addition, both carnosine supplementation and its combination with exercise have corrective effects on lipid profiles, glucose and insulin levels, suggesting that it may have a protective role on the cardiovascular system. Keywords: Exercise, Antioxidants, Microbiota, Myokines.