Ibn Khaldûn and Herbert Spencer law and authority

This dissertation is about Ibn Khaldun's and Herbert Spencer's understanding of the concepts of law and authority in connection with the state and legal systems. While the general theories of both philosophers are related to politics, they include historical developments and basic laws of state and legal order. In this respect, the political and legal theories, especially the founding elements of the state, the basic principles of the legal system, the fundamental rights of the individual or citizen, the ideas of issues such as civilization were examined. It also covers the theories of Ibn Khaldun and Spencer concerning public administration and constitutional law, which determine the arrangements of the state and citizens, including the relations between the state's own institutions. These disciplines are intertwined in the works of philosophers because they are intertwined in history. As a matter of fact, in our dissertation, philosophers' thoughts were inevitably examined in these fields but rather they were realized by philosophical method.